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Most Downloaded Liver Research Articles
1. Similarities and differences between biliary sludge and microlithiasis: Their clinical and pathophysiological significances
December 2018
Helen H. Wang | Piero Portincasa | Min Liu | Patrick Tso | David Q.-H. Wang
The terms biliary sludge and cholesterol microlithiasis (hereafter referred to as microlithiasis) were originated from different diagnostic techniques and may represent different stages of cholesterol...
2. Hemobilia: Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment
December 2018
Rani Berry | James Han | Ani A. Kardashian | Nicholas F. LaRusso | James H. Tabibian
Hemobilia refers to bleeding from and/or into the biliary tract and is an uncommon but important cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Reports of hemobilia date back to the 1600s, but due to its relative...
3. Neuroendocrine tumors with hepatic metastases: A review of evolving treatment options
June 2018
Steven D. Colquhoun
Once considered exceptionally rare, neuroendocrine tumors (NET) are increasingly common and therefore of growing relevance to both clinicians and researchers. Most patients with such tumors present...
4. The role of adipose tissue in fatty liver diseases
March 2018
Richard Parker
Fatty liver disease is almost always a consequence of obesity or alcohol abuse. In both cases significant changes to adipose tissue (AT) occur, which are remarkably similar despite their different causes....
5. The acidic pathway of bile acid synthesis: Not just an alternative pathway
June 2019
William M. Pandak | Genta Kakiyama
Over the last two decades, the prevalence of obesity, and metabolic syndromes (MS) such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have dramatically increased....
6. Autophagy in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease
September 2018
Bilon Khambu | Shengmin Yan | Nazmul Huda | Gang Liu | Xiao-Ming Yin
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular degradative function that is important for liver homeostasis. Accumulating evidence suggests that autophagy is deregulated during the progression...
7. Alcoholic liver disease: A current molecular and clinical perspective
December 2018
Koichiro Ohashi | Michael Pimienta | Ekihiro Seki
Heavy alcohol use is the cause of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). The ALD spectrum ranges from alcoholic steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. In Western countries, approximately 50%...
8. Bile acid metabolism and signaling in liver disease and therapy
June 2017
John Y.L. Chiang
Bile acids play a critical role in the regulation of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism through activation of the nuclear bile acid receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and membrane G protein-coupled...
9. Hepatic lipid homeostasis by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2
December 2018
Yoon Kwang Lee | Jung Eun Park | Mikang Lee | James P. Hardwick
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ or PPARG) is a ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. It plays a master role in the differentiation...
10. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and liver diseases
March 2019
Xiaoying Liu | Richard M. Green
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs when ER homeostasis is perturbed with accumulation of unfolded/misfolded protein or calcium depletion. The unfolded protein response (UPR), comprising of inositol-requiring...
11. Rodent models of fatty liver diseases
March 2018
Adeline Bertola
Fatty liver diseases including alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are leading causes of chronic liver diseases worldwide. ALD and NAFLD encompass a broad spectrum...
12. The role of gut microbiota in liver disease development and treatment
March 2019
Lijun Wang | Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide, and the third most common cause of cancer-related death. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which accounts for more than 90% of primary liver cancers,...
13. Cytokines and fatty liver diseases
March 2018
Lukas Niederreiter | Herbert Tilg
Cytokines are considered crucial players in inflammatory-associated disorders throughout the body. Fatty liver diseases such as alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)...
14. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: An update on their metabolism and hepatotoxicity mechanism
December 2019
Jie Xu | Weiqian Wang | Xiao Yang | Aizhen Xiong | Li Yang | Zhengtao Wang
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are among the most hepatotoxic natural compounds that are widely distributed throughout the world. Most PAs are metabolically activated to trigger toxicity. Exposure to...
15. Activating transcription factor 3 in immune response and metabolic regulation
September 2017
Kavita Jadhav | Yanqiao Zhang
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a member of the ATF/cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)-response element binding protein (CREB) family of transcription factors. In response to stress stimuli,...
16. The alteration of immune cells in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
March 2020
Dechun Feng
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) increases rapidly in recent decades. NAFLD has become a major public health problem in China and the whole world, and it is considered as...
17. Structural perspectives of the CYP3A family and their small molecule modulators in drug metabolism
December 2019
William C. Wright | Jude Chenge | Taosheng Chen
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes function to catalyze a wide range of reactions, many of which are critically important for drug response. Members of the human cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) family are particularly...
18. Mechanisms of the autophagosome-lysosome fusion step and its relation to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
September 2018
Hayato Hikita | Sadatsugu Sakane | Tetsuo Takehara
Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is a catabolic process by which autophagosomes arising from an isolation membrane fuse with lysosomes to degrade components in the cytoplasm. Autophagosome-lysosome...
19. Inhibition of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in drug-induced hepatic steatosis
December 2019
Bernard Fromenty
Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (mtFAO) is a key metabolic pathway required for energy production in the liver, in particular during periods of fasting. One major consequence of drug-induced impairment...
20. Bile acid receptors and gastrointestinal functions
March 2019
Alexander L. Ticho | Pooja Malhotra | Pradeep K. Dudeja | Ravinder K. Gill | Waddah A. Alrefai
Bile acids modulate several gastrointestinal (GI) functions including electrolyte secretion and absorption, gastric emptying, and small intestinal and colonic motility. High concentrations of bile acids...
21. Intestinal barrier function and metabolic/liver diseases
June 2020
Siddhartha S. Ghosh | Jing Wang | Paul J. Yannie | Shobha Ghosh
Dietary, environmental or genetic changes contribute to the development of several metabolic and neurological diseases. Extensive research efforts have been directed towards examining how these factors...
22. Functional roles of CCL5/RANTES in liver disease
March 2020
Lili Chen | Qianfei Zhang | Chang Yu | Fang Wang | Xiaoni Kong
Inflammation, which is mediated by leukocyte trafficking and activation, plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic liver injury. Chemokines are critical mediators involved in the...
23. Roles of microRNA in liver cancer
June 2018
Junyan Tao | Lili Jiang | Xin Chen
Primary liver cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that downregulate gene expression by...
24. Nuclear receptors and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: An update
June 2020
Xiao Yang | Frank J. Gonzalez | Min Huang | Huichang Bi
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the leading cause of chronic liver disease in adults and children worldwide. The symptoms of NAFLD range from simple steatosis and non-alcoholic...
25. Nutrient mTORC1 signaling contributes to hepatic lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
March 2020
Hanqing Chen
Energy metabolism is maintained by the complex homeostatic system in multiple cells and organs involving “nutrient signaling” or “nutrient sensor”. Overnutrient-induced chronic metabolic diseases, as...
