Similarities and differences between biliary sludge and microlithiasis: Their clinical and pathophysiological significances
December 2018
The terms biliary sludge and cholesterol microlithiasis (hereafter referred to as microlithiasis) were originated from different diagnostic techniques and may represent different stages of cholesterol...
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Vitamins and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A molecular insight
June 2021
The incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rising rapidly across the globe. NAFLD pathogenesis is largely driven by an imbalance in hepatic energy metabolism, and at present, there...
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Iron metabolism in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A promising therapeutic target
December 2022
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, and is closely associated with the increased risk of the prevalence of obesity and diabetes....
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Hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence: Predictors and management
December 2023
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the sixth most common cancer globally, is associated with high mortality rates and more than 830,000 annual deaths. Despite advances in the available management options...
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Alcoholic liver disease: A current molecular and clinical perspective
December 2018
Heavy alcohol use is the cause of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). The ALD spectrum ranges from alcoholic steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. In Western countries, approximately 50%...
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Autophagy modulates physiologic and adaptive response in the liver
December 2023
Autophagy is a physiological process that is ubiquitous and essential to the disposal or recycling of damaged cellular organelles and misfolded proteins to maintain organ homeostasis and survival. Its...
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Up to date on cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) in bile acid synthesis
June 2020
Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1, EC1.14) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the classic bile acid synthesis pathway. Much progress has been made in understanding the transcriptional regulation...
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In-depth analysis of de novo lipogenesis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Mechanism and pharmacological interventions
December 2023
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by the abnormal buildup of lipids in the liver tissue. Non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) may progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Triglycerides...
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Physical activity and exercise in liver cancer
March 2024
Sarcopenia and physical deconditioning are common complications in patients with liver cancer, which are frequently caused by insufficient physical activity and poor nutritional status, resulting in...
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Dietary pattern and hepatic lipid metabolism
December 2023
The liver is the leading site for lipid metabolism, involving not only fatty acid beta-oxidation but also de novo synthesis of endogenous triglycerides and ketogenesis. The liver maintains systemic...
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Clinical perspectives of isoniazid-induced liver injury
June 2021
Isoniazid (INH) is a synthetic anti-mycobacterial agent used to treat active or latent tuberculosis (TB). INH has been in clinical use for nearly 70 years and remains broadly utilized at the front line...
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Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: Current status, challenges, and prospects
June 2023
Local ablation technologies, such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation (MWA) and cryoablation, have become a standard treatment option for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) less than 5 cm...
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Glypican-3: A molecular marker for the detection and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
December 2020
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor with a fairly poor prognosis (5-year survival of less than 50%). Using sorafenib, the only food and drug administration (FDA)-approved drug, HCC cannot...
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The role of adipose tissue in fatty liver diseases
March 2018
Fatty liver disease is almost always a consequence of obesity or alcohol abuse. In both cases significant changes to adipose tissue (AT) occur, which are remarkably similar despite their different causes....
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A fluorescence imaging based-assay to monitor mitophagy in cultured hepatocytes and mouse liver
March 2021
Mitophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that selectively removes damaged, aged and dysfunctional mitochondria. Recent advances in understanding mitophagy highlight its importance in various physiological...
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Current and emerging therapies for alcohol-associated hepatitis
March 2023
Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) encompasses a spectrum of diseases caused by excessive alcohol consumption. ALD includes hepatic steatosis, steatohepatitis, variable degrees of fibrosis, cirrhosis,...
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Circadian rhythms and inflammatory diseases of the liver and gut
September 2023
Circadian rhythms play a central role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis and orchestrating inter-organ crosstalk. Research evidence indicates that disruption to rhythms, which occurs through shift...
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Viral hepatitis E: Clinical manifestations, treatment, and prevention
March 2024
Hepatitis E is a globally distributed infection that varies in seroprevalence between developed and developing regions. In the less developed regions of Asia and Africa, a high seropositivity rate has...
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Unveiling the effect of estrogen receptors in alcoholic liver disease: A novel outlook
December 2023
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) has a multifaceted development, progressing from alcoholic steatosis to alcoholic hepatitis and ultimately to alcoholic cirrhosis, irreversible liver damage that can even...
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Optimization of high throughput spectral flow cytometry for immune cell profiling in mouse liver
September 2023
The liver plays an important role in both metabolism and immunity. Disruption of the hepatic immune microenvironment is closely associated with various liver diseases. To gain a better understanding...
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Bile acid metabolism and signaling in liver disease and therapy
June 2017
Bile acids play a critical role in the regulation of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism through activation of the nuclear bile acid receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and membrane G protein-coupled...
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress and liver diseases
March 2019
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs when ER homeostasis is perturbed with accumulation of unfolded/misfolded protein or calcium depletion. The unfolded protein response (UPR), comprising of inositol-requiring...
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The acidic pathway of bile acid synthesis: Not just an alternative pathway
June 2019
Over the last two decades, the prevalence of obesity, and metabolic syndromes (MS) such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have dramatically increased....
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Dysregulation of glutathione synthesis in liver disease
June 2020
Glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide that is present in all mammalian tissues, is especially highly concentrated in the liver. GSH synthesis occurs via two adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-requiring enzymatic...
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A dual role of inflammation in acetaminophen-induced liver injury
March 2023
In many affluent nations, acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the leading cause of drug-induced acute liver failure. The process of APAP-induced liver injury (AILI) is intimately tied to inflammation,...
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