Early detection of autism with the help of biomarkers: A narrative review
September 2025
Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder with symptoms that vary significantly in individuals. The main manifestations include difficulties in social interactions, communication disorders,...
Blood biomarkers for clinical applications in Alzheimer's disease: A narrative review
June 2025
Alzheimer's disease is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder that imposes a significant burden on both patients and society. Currently, the primary methods for diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease include...
Understanding Vivaldi's cognitive and neurobiological effects through behavioral and neuroimaging biomarker lenses: A narrative review
Available online 5 November 2025
Research has demonstrated that Antonio Vivaldi's Four Seasons concertos boost attention and working memory in young and older populations. Neuroimaging biomarkers derived from electroencephalography,...
Pathophysiology and markers of very early classic Guillain-Barré syndrome
September 2024
Guillain-Barré syndrome is a rare neurological disorder characterized by the body's immune system mistakenly attacking the peripheral nerves. This condition often follows an infection and can lead to...
Biomarkers in autoimmune myasthenia gravis: A narrative review
September 2025
Myasthenia gravis is a heterogeneous, autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction, characterized by fatigable muscle weakness. Early diagnosis is critical to initiate immunotherapy for the disease,...
Biases and consistency of different assay methods for neurological biomarkers using Quanterix single-molecule-array technology: A comparative study of the secondary analysis method
March 2026
Breakthrough technologies such as the Single molecule array (Simoa) technology developed by Quanterix provide higher sensitivity, enabling measurement of central nervous system-abundant proteins in...
The role of machine learning in discovering biomarkers and predicting treatment strategies for neurodegenerative diseases: A narrative review
March 2025
Machine learning in the field of computational intelligence continues to increase significantly and shows potential in the identification, management, treatment, and monitoring of complex diseases,...
Role of the amygdala and possible biomarkers in psychiatric disorders
March 2025
In the early 1800s, the "cerebral amygdala" was described as an almond-shaped structure within the temporal lobe. A century later, the role of amygdala in modulating behavior became evident, specifically...
Misdiagnoses of psychiatric disorders and the utility of diagnostic microRNA biomarkers
September 2024
Due to overlapping symptoms and similarities with other illnesses, misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment of psychiatric disorders frequently occur. Objective laboratory-based biomarkers that can...
Optimizing Alzheimer's diagnosis and precision medicine: A narrative review unlocking the potential of multiomics markers
September 2025
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive and functional decline, with significant societal and economic consequences. Its differential...
Role of gut-microbiome-brain axis in neurodegenerative diseases: A narrative review of mechanisms, therapeutics, and emerging perspectives
September 2025
The gut–microbiota–brain axis represents a complex bidirectional communication system linking intestinal microbes and their metabolites with the central nervous system. Growing evidence suggests that...
Apolipoprotein E genotype as a biomarker in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease: A narrative review of the influence of genetic factors on molecular structure
September 2025
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. The pathophysiology of the disease is complex and its pathogenesis remains to be elucidated. This review addresses the...
Biomarkers for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A narrative review of advanced glycation end products
Available online 22 December 2025
The pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves hyperglycemia-induced metabolic changes, including the polyol and protein kinase C pathways and the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs)....
Glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biomarker for diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease in cerebrospinal fluid, plasma and saliva measured with Lumipulse technology: a narrative review
March 2025
Glial fibrillary acidic protein is an intermediate filament protein released primarily by astrocytes in the central nervous system, providing structural and functional support to neurons. Glial fibrillary...
Neurobiological and neuroimaging biomarkers: A narrative review of precision medicine for diagnosing neurodegenerative disorders
Available online 23 December 2025
Markers provide information about brain function, structure, and activity and are often used to study neurological and psychiatric conditions. This is crucial for diseases such as Parkinson’s disease,...
Brain structural and functional alteration in movement disorders: A narrative review of markers and their dynamic changes
March 2026
Movement disorders can present a significant challenge to healthcare professionals due to their varied etiologies, complex symptomatology, and often debilitating consequences for patients by affecting...
Integrating multimodal biomarker strategies: A narrative review of molecular and characteristic imaging techniques for better monitoring of neurodegenerative diseases
Available online 6 November 2025
Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, multiple sclerosis, neurofibromatosis, represent a diverse group of...
The role of fusion proteins as biomarkers and therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease: A narrative review
June 2025
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of misfolded amyloid-beta and tau proteins in the brain, which causes memory and cognitive functions...
Dark white matter is a subcortical MRI marker in seizures and systemic disorders: A narrative review
December 2025
Recognizing subcortical white matter hypointensities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), particularly in patients with seizures, has led to identifying a novel radiological phenomenon known as the...
Fractal dimension reveals cellular morphological changes as early biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases: A narrative review
September 2025
Fractal dimension has emerged as a powerful tool for capturing structural irregularities and self-similar patterns in biological tissues, providing crucial insights beyond traditional morphological...
Neuromarkers in bipolar disorder: A narrative review bridging neuroscience and clinical practice
Available online 20 November 2025
Bipolar disorder is a chronic, disabling psychiatric condition characterized by recurrent mood episodes and substantial functional impairment. Its diagnosis and management remain largely reliant on...
Spontaneous isomerization of tau is most prevalent in Alzheimer’s disease
Available online 21 January 2026
The exact cause of Alzheimer's disease remains unclear. Recent studies have indicated that tau isomerization is more prevalent in patients with Alzheimer’s disease than in healthy individuals. To address...
Imaging biomarkers for the diagnosis of corticobasal ganglia syndrome: DaTSCAN and [18F]FDG PET
September 2025
Corticobasal syndrome is a complex neurodegenerative disorder with clinical features that overlap with other Parkinsonian syndromes, posing significant diagnostic challenges. Biomarkers are essential...
Values of epigenetic markers in Parkinson's disease as biomarkers and therapeutic targets: A narrative review
June 2025
Parkinson's disease is a major global nervous system disorder with few treatment options, primarily focused on symptom management. This review summarizes research on epigenetic therapy in Parkinson's...
Cranial pulsatility as a biomarker of cerebrovascular health: A narrative review on the Windkessel model and its clinical application
Available online 17 December 2025
The cerebral Windkessel (CWK) effect describes the damping mechanism of arterial pulsations within the cranio-spinal environment, a fundamental process in neuroprotection. Dysfunction of this mechanism...