Spatiotemporal patterns, loads, and risks of microplastics in subtropical coastal stormwater system

Urban stormwater runoff is increasingly recognised as a major pathway for microplastics—tiny plastic fragments less than 5 mm in size—to enter rivers and oceans. Yet, data on how these pollutants move through city drainage networks, especially in subtropical coastal regions, has been scarce.

A new study published in the journal Emerging Contaminants provides an assessment of microplastic pollution in Macao's stormwater system. Researchers from the Macau University of Science and Technology and their collaborators sampled six stormwater drains across industrial, residential/commercial, and ecological areas over two seasons, analysing microplastic abundance, polymer types, mass loads, and ecological risks.

“Microplastics were present in every sample, with concentrations ranging from 0.86 to 53.03 particles per litre,” says Dr. Kai Zhang, corresponding author of the study. “Irregular fragments (nearly 57%) and black-coloured particles (38%) dominated, and the most common polymers were polyethylene terephthalate (PET, used in textiles and bottles), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene (PE).”

Notably, the abundance and characteristics of microplastics in stormwater drains are strongly influenced by land use. “Industrial areas had the highest concentrations—over twelve times higher than ecological areas—reflecting intensive human activities such as manufacturing, vehicle traffic, and wastewater discharge,” Zhang shares.

The study also estimated, for the first time, the mass of microplastics discharged from Macao's storm drains—ranging from just a few grams to over 10 kilograms per day, depending on the site and season. While wet-season concentrations were generally higher, the difference was not statistically significant, suggesting that individual rainfall events may be more influential than seasonal patterns.

One of the more concerning findings comes from the risk assessment. “While the Pollution Load Index indicated only minor contamination, the Polymer Hazard Index and Potential Ecological Risk Index classified the microplastic pollution as “high” to “extremely hazardous,” says Zhang. “This is largely due to the presence of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)—a polymer with a high hazard score—which was detected at a stormwater pumping station, likely released from aging pipes and infrastructure.”

Further, the researchers found that microplastic abundance correlated negatively with dissolved oxygen levels and positively with rainfall from the preceding three days, highlighting the dynamic nature of stormwater pollution.

“These findings identify stormwater drains as a key microplastic conduit that has been largely underregulated,” Zhang  explains. “Management strategies must consider land-use planning, real-time rainfall monitoring, and—critically—the material composition of drainage infrastructure itself to reduce the risks posed by microplastics in urban coastal environments.”

Contact author details:

Kai Zhang, National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environments in Macao, Macao Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, China. Email: zhangkai@must.edu.mo

Funder:

This study was financially supported by the Science and Technology Development Fund, Macao SAR (0009/2025/AIJ, 0155/2024/RIA2, 0008/2024/EIA1, and 0001/2024/NRP).

Conflict of interest:

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

See the article:

Du, A., Xu, Y., Luo, Y., Jian, Q., Li, Y., Zhan, Z., Qiu, S., Kam, C.W., Chan, T‑C., Huang, T‑Y., Power, D.M., Zhang, K., Spatiotemporal patterns, loads, and risks of microplastics in the stormwater system of a subtropical coastal city, Emerging Contaminants, Volume 12, 2026, 100706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emcon.2026.100706