Cancer chemotherapy and beyond: Current status, drug candidates, associated risks and progress in targeted therapeutics
July 2023
Cancer is an abnormal state of cells where they undergo uncontrolled proliferation and produce aggressive malignancies that causes millions of deaths every year. With the new understanding of the molecular...
In vivo production of CAR T cell: Opportunities and challenges
November 2025
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cell therapy has achieved remarkable efficacy for patients with hematological malignancies. However, in vitro viral vector-mediated production of CAR T cells is time-consuming...
Canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling: Multilayered mediators, signaling mechanisms and major signaling crosstalk
January 2024
Wnt signaling plays a major role in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. The Wnt ligands are a family of 19 secreted glycoproteins that mediate their signaling effects via binding to Frizzled...
High-dose vitamin C: A promising anti-tumor agent, insight from mechanisms, clinical research, and challenges
Available online 27 June 2025
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, has sparked controversy since it first emerged as a potential anti-cancer agent. However, an increasing number of preclinical studies have demonstrated that high-dose...
Tirzepatide, a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist, alleviates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease by reducing the expression of CD36 and OBP2A
November 2025
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is defined by excessive hepatic lipid accumulation. This study evaluated the therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms of tirzepatide,...
Clinical applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing system: Delivery options and challenges in precision medicine
January 2024
CRISPR/Cas9 is an effective gene editing tool with broad applications for the prevention or treatment of numerous diseases. It depends on CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)...
The Hidden Markov model and its applications in bioinformatics analysis
Available online 22 June 2025
Big biological data contains a large amount of life science information, yet extracting meaningful insights from this data remains a complex challenge. The hidden Markov model (HMM), a statistical model...
Breast cancer development and progression: Risk factors, cancer stem cells, signaling pathways, genomics, and molecular pathogenesis
June 2018
As the most commonly occurring cancer in women worldwide, breast cancer poses a formidable public health challenge on a global scale. Breast cancer consists of a group of biologically and molecularly...
Pretreating and normalizing metabolomics data for statistical analysis
May 2024
Metabolomics as a research field and a set of techniques is to study the entire small molecules in biological samples. Metabolomics is emerging as a powerful tool generally for precision medicine. Particularly,...
Age-related macular degeneration: Epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and targeted therapy
January 2022
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex eye disorder and is the leading cause of incurable blindness worldwide in the elderly. Clinically, AMD initially affects the central area of retina...
TLR4 interaction with PIEZO1 facilitates the 5-HT-mediated intestinal motility dysfunction in offspring mice induced by LPS exposure during pregnancy
September 2025
Several factors during pregnancy, such as changes in serotonin (5-HT) levels, can affect intestinal function in offspring mice. The role of 5-HT in regulating intestinal motility after lipopolysaccharide...
Differences between lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma: Driver genes, therapeutic targets, and clinical efficacy
May 2025
With the rapid advancements in second-generation gene sequencing technologies, a growing number of driver genes and associated therapeutic targets have been unveiled for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and...
cGAS knockout inhibited endotoxin-induced uveitis in mice
Available online 29 July 2025
Our research focused on the impact of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS)–stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway on retinal inflammation and employed an...
Emerging role of SETD2 in the development and function of immune cells
November 2025
SET domain-containing 2 (SETD2) is a methyltransferase that catalyzes trimethylation of lysine 36 on H3 (H3K36me3) in mammals, an epigenetic mark associated with actively transcribed regions. SETD2...
Patient-derived xenograft models: Current status, challenges, and innovations in cancer research
September 2025
Despite advancing therapeutic treatments, cancer remains the leading cause of death worldwide, with most of its patients developing drug resistance and recurrence after initial treatment. Therefore,...
cTnIR193H restrictive cardiomyopathy mice satisfy high-energy metabolic demands through regulating glucose metabolism
Available online 25 July 2025
This work aims to investigate the energy metabolism in mice with restrictive cardiomyopathy induced by cardiac troponin I (cTnI) R193H mutation. Echocardiography was used to monitor cardiac function....
The Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-kB) signaling in cancer development and immune diseases
May 2021
The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) family of transcription factors plays an essential role as stressors in the cellular environment, and controls the expression of important regulatory genes such as...
Oncogenic activation of PIK3CA in cancers: Emerging targeted therapies in precision oncology
March 2025
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are heterodimers consisting of a p110 catalytic subunit and a p85 regulatory subunit. The PIK3CA gene, which encodes the p110α, is the most frequently mutated oncogene...
Endocrine therapy resistance of breast cancer: Important role of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) and new therapeutic strategies
Available online 10 June 2025
Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy that affects women worldwide, with approximately 70% of cases classified as hormone receptor-positive (HR+). Endocrine therapy is one of the principal...
Targeting RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK signaling pathway in human cancer: Current status in clinical trials
January 2023
Molecular target inhibitors have been regularly approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for tumor treatment, and most of them intervene in tumor cell proliferation and metabolism. The RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK...
A comprehensive proteomic analysis uncovers novel molecular subtypes of gastric signet ring cell carcinoma: Identification of potential prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets
Available online 14 June 2025
Gastric signet ring cell carcinoma (GSRCC) is a distinct subtype of gastric cancer with unique epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics. However, its prognostic features and molecular landscape...
A comprehensive review of animal models for cancer cachexia: Implications for translational research
November 2024
Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by progressive weight loss and a disease process that nutritional support cannot reverse. Although progress has been made in preclinical research,...
Recombinant adeno-associated virus 8 vector in gene therapy: Opportunities and challenges
January 2024
In recent years, significant breakthroughs have been made in the field of gene therapy. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is one of the most promising gene therapy vectors and a powerful tool for delivering...
The biogenesis and secretion of exosomes and multivesicular bodies (MVBs): Intercellular shuttles and implications in human diseases
September 2023
Exosomes carry and transmit signaling molecules used for intercellular communication. The generation and secretion of exosomes is a multistep interlocking process that allows simultaneous control of...
Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling in development and human diseases
September 2014
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are a group of signaling molecules that belongs to the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of proteins. Initially discovered for their ability to induce...