High-dose vitamin C: A promising anti-tumor agent, insight from mechanisms, clinical research, and challenges
March 2026
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, has sparked controversy since it first emerged as a potential anti-cancer agent. However, an increasing number of preclinical studies have demonstrated that high-dose...
Cancer chemotherapy and beyond: Current status, drug candidates, associated risks and progress in targeted therapeutics
July 2023
Cancer is an abnormal state of cells where they undergo uncontrolled proliferation and produce aggressive malignancies that causes millions of deaths every year. With the new understanding of the molecular...
A parallel-risk framework accurately predicts hematopoietic stem cell transplantation outcomes and identifies benefiting patients in pediatric AML
Available online 23 December 2025
Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (pAML) has a poorer prognosis than acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) offers curative potential in high-risk or relapsed...
Obesity accelerates aging: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications
Available online 11 December 2025
Global aging is increasing, and both aging and age-related diseases have emerged as significant public health challenges. According to previous literature, aging is characterized by multiple hallmarks,...
In vivo production of CAR T cell: Opportunities and challenges
November 2025
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cell therapy has achieved remarkable efficacy for patients with hematological malignancies. However, in vitro viral vector-mediated production of CAR T cells is time-consuming...
Canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling: Multilayered mediators, signaling mechanisms and major signaling crosstalk
January 2024
Wnt signaling plays a major role in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. The Wnt ligands are a family of 19 secreted glycoproteins that mediate their signaling effects via binding to Frizzled...
Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer: From mechanisms to treatment strategies
March 2026
Over the last few decades, platinum-based chemotherapy has served as the standard chemotherapy in treating ovarian cancer (OC). While most patients initially respond well to platinum-based chemotherapy,...
Breast cancer development and progression: Risk factors, cancer stem cells, signaling pathways, genomics, and molecular pathogenesis
June 2018
As the most commonly occurring cancer in women worldwide, breast cancer poses a formidable public health challenge on a global scale. Breast cancer consists of a group of biologically and molecularly...
Recent advances in human papillomavirus vaccines and therapeutic strategies: Combating cervical and non-cervical cancers
May 2026
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are a major cause of several cancers, particularly cervical cancer, and remain a serious public health challenge, particularly in low-resource countries. In addition to...
In vivo gene therapy: A strategy for mutations, degenerations, and tumors
January 2026
Gene mutations, organ function degeneration, and carcinogenesis are the primary threats to human health. Gene therapy, which involves the addition, deletion, regulation, and editing of genes, as well...
Pretreating and normalizing metabolomics data for statistical analysis
May 2024
Metabolomics as a research field and a set of techniques is to study the entire small molecules in biological samples. Metabolomics is emerging as a powerful tool generally for precision medicine. Particularly,...
Clinical applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing system: Delivery options and challenges in precision medicine
January 2024
CRISPR/Cas9 is an effective gene editing tool with broad applications for the prevention or treatment of numerous diseases. It depends on CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)...
Optimized Yamanaka factors combined with TERT gene therapy for enhanced anti-aging effects
March 2026
The hidden Markov model and its applications in bioinformatics analysis
January 2026
Big biological data contains a large amount of life science information, yet extracting meaningful insights from this data remains a complex challenge. The hidden Markov model (HMM), a statistical model...
Age-related macular degeneration: Epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and targeted therapy
January 2022
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex eye disorder and is the leading cause of incurable blindness worldwide in the elderly. Clinically, AMD initially affects the central area of retina...
A comprehensive proteomic analysis uncovers novel molecular subtypes of gastric signet ring cell carcinoma: Identification of potential prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets
January 2026
Gastric signet ring cell carcinoma (GSRCC) is a distinct subtype of gastric cancer with unique epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics. However, its prognostic features and molecular landscape...
The roles of cell cycle proteins in regulating the tumor immune microenvironment
January 2026
Recent studies have shown that in addition to regulating the growth of tumor cells, cell cycle proteins can also regulate immune cells and factors in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), thus playing...
Endocrine therapy resistance of breast cancer: Important role of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) and new therapeutic strategies
January 2026
Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy that affects women worldwide, with approximately 70% of cases classified as hormone receptor-positive (HR+). Endocrine therapy is one of the principal...
Purinergic signaling in osteoarthritis: Mechanistic insights into pathogenesis and therapeutic targeting
Available online 23 December 2025
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease driven by a complex interplay of inflammation, extracellular matrix degradation, subchondral bone remodeling, and chronic pain. Purinergic signaling...
Oncogenic activation of PIK3CA in cancers: Emerging targeted therapies in precision oncology
March 2025
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are heterodimers consisting of a p110 catalytic subunit and a p85 regulatory subunit. The PIK3CA gene, which encodes the p110α, is the most frequently mutated oncogene...
Targeting MYC: Multidimensional regulation and therapeutic strategies in oncology
July 2025
MYC is dysregulated in approximately 70% of human cancers, strongly suggesting its essential function in cancer. MYC regulates many biological processes, such as cell cycle, metabolism, cellular senescence,...
Patient-derived xenograft models: Current status, challenges, and innovations in cancer research
September 2025
Despite advancing therapeutic treatments, cancer remains the leading cause of death worldwide, with most of its patients developing drug resistance and recurrence after initial treatment. Therefore,...
Dendritic cell vaccines: Current research progress, challenges, and opportunities
Available online 31 October 2025
This review examines the advancements in cancer immunotherapies, particularly focusing on dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines developed through in vitro methods. DCs are essential for connecting innate...
Steatotic liver-derived extracellular vesicles deliver ACSL4 to potentiate hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury by orchestrating a ferroptosis-mitochondrial apoptosis cascade
Available online 24 December 2025
Steatotic liver grafts exhibit heightened susceptibility to hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury (HIRI), contributing to poor outcomes in liver transplantation; however, the underlying mechanisms remain...
Targeting RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK signaling pathway in human cancer: Current status in clinical trials
January 2023
Molecular target inhibitors have been regularly approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for tumor treatment, and most of them intervene in tumor cell proliferation and metabolism. The RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK...
