Cancer chemotherapy and beyond: Current status, drug candidates, associated risks and progress in targeted therapeutics
July 2023
Cancer is an abnormal state of cells where they undergo uncontrolled proliferation and produce aggressive malignancies that causes millions of deaths every year. With the new understanding of the molecular...
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Breast cancer development and progression: Risk factors, cancer stem cells, signaling pathways, genomics, and molecular pathogenesis
June 2018
As the most commonly occurring cancer in women worldwide, breast cancer poses a formidable public health challenge on a global scale. Breast cancer consists of a group of biologically and molecularly...
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Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling in development and human diseases
September 2014
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are a group of signaling molecules that belongs to the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of proteins. Initially discovered for their ability to induce...
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Age-related macular degeneration: Epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and targeted therapy
January 2022
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex eye disorder and is the leading cause of incurable blindness worldwide in the elderly. Clinically, AMD initially affects the central area of retina...
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Temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma multiforme
September 2016
Temozolomide (TMZ) is an oral alkylating agent used to treat glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and astrocytomas. However, at least 50% of TMZ treated patients do not respond to TMZ. This is due primarily...
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3-D bioprinting technologies in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: Current and future trends
December 2017
Advances in three-dimensional (3D) printing have increased feasibility towards the synthesis of living tissues. Known as 3D bioprinting, this technology involves the precise layering of cells, biologic...
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Clinical applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing system: Delivery options and challenges in precision medicine
January 2024
CRISPR/Cas9 is an effective gene editing tool with broad applications for the prevention or treatment of numerous diseases. It depends on CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)...
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CCL5/CCR5 axis in human diseases and related treatments
January 2022
To defense harmful stimuli or maintain the immune homeostasis, the body produces and recruits a superfamily of cytokines such as interleukins, interferons, chemokines etc. Among them, chemokines act...
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The Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-kB) signaling in cancer development and immune diseases
May 2021
The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) family of transcription factors plays an essential role as stressors in the cellular environment, and controls the expression of important regulatory genes such as...
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Targeting RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK signaling pathway in human cancer: Current status in clinical trials
January 2023
Molecular target inhibitors have been regularly approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for tumor treatment, and most of them intervene in tumor cell proliferation and metabolism. The RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK...
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Dirty environment for adult life: The bad, the good, the unknown
September 2016
We know the bad things of dirty environment which is associated with infectious diseases. In this Research Watch, we discuss the good and the unknown of dirty environment, based on a recent Nature paper....
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Molecular basis of fluoride toxicities: Beyond benefits and implications in human disorders
July 2023
Detrimental impacts of fluoride have become a global concern for several decades. Despite its beneficial role which is restricted only in skeletal tissues, deleterious effects are also observed in soft...
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De novo nucleotide biosynthetic pathway and cancer
November 2023
De novo nucleotide biosynthetic pathway is a highly conserved and essential biochemical pathway in almost all organisms. Both purine nucleotides and pyrimidine nucleotides are necessary for cell metabolism...
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Drug repurposing: A novel strategy to target cancer stem cells and therapeutic resistance
January 2024
Chemotherapy is an effortless and frequently used approach in cancer therapy. However, in most cases, it can only prolong life expectancy and does not guarantee a complete cure. Furthermore, chemotherapy...
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Gastrointestinal symptoms, pathophysiology, and treatment in COVID-19
July 2021
The novel coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged and is responsible for the Coronavirus Disease 2019 global pandemic. Coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2,...
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A new emerging target in cancer immunotherapy: Galectin-9 (LGALS9)
November 2023
Over the past few decades, advances in immunological knowledge have led to the identification of novel immune checkpoints, reinvigorating cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy, represented by immune checkpoint...
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Emergence of antibiotic resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa in intensive care unit; a critical review
June 2019
The emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the healthcare is a serious concern. In the Healthcare premises precisely intensive care unit are major sources of microbial diversity. Recent findings...
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Targeting LIF/LIFR signaling in cancer
July 2022
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and its receptor (LIFR), are commonly over-expressed in many solid cancers and recent studies have implicated LIF/LIFR axis as a promising clinical target for cancer...
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Cysteine dioxygenase type 1 (CDO1): Its functional role in physiological and pathophysiological processes
May 2023
Cysteine dioxygenase type 1 (CDO1), belonging to the mammalian non-heme Fe(II) dioxygenases family, is a key enzyme for cysteine catabolism. Its activity and expression is regulated through multiple...
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Inhibition of PRMT5 by market drugs as a novel cancer therapeutic avenue
January 2023
Market drugs, such as Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or European Medicines Agency (EMA)-approved drugs for specific indications provide opportunities for repurposing for newer therapeutics. This...
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Functions and mechanisms of protein lysine butyrylation (Kbu): Therapeutic implications in human diseases
November 2023
Post-translational modifications (PTM) are covalent modifications of proteins or peptides caused by proteolytic cleavage or the attachment of moieties to one or more amino acids. PTMs play essential...
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Calcineurin in development and disease
July 2022
Calcineurin (CaN) is a unique calcium (Ca2+) and calmodulin (CaM)-dependent serine/threonine phosphatase that becomes activated in the presence of increased intracellular Ca2+ level. CaN then functions...
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CRISPR/Cas9 system and its applications in nervous system diseases
March 2024
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system is an acquired immune system of many bacteria and archaea, comprising CRISPR loci, Cas...
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Molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer: An emerging therapeutic opportunity for personalized medicine
March 2021
Molecular subtypes-based therapies offer new potential framework for desired and precise outcome in clinical settings. Current treatment strategies in colorectal cancer are largely ‘one drug fit all’...
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Advances in the early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
September 2020
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent cancers globally. In contrast to the declining death rates observed for all other common cancers such as breast, lung, and prostate cancers,...
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