High-dose vitamin C: A promising anti-tumor agent, insight from mechanisms, clinical research, and challenges
March 2026
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, has sparked controversy since it first emerged as a potential anti-cancer agent. However, an increasing number of preclinical studies have demonstrated that high-dose...
Breast cancer development and progression: Risk factors, cancer stem cells, signaling pathways, genomics, and molecular pathogenesis
June 2018
As the most commonly occurring cancer in women worldwide, breast cancer poses a formidable public health challenge on a global scale. Breast cancer consists of a group of biologically and molecularly...
Cancer chemotherapy and beyond: Current status, drug candidates, associated risks and progress in targeted therapeutics
July 2023
Cancer is an abnormal state of cells where they undergo uncontrolled proliferation and produce aggressive malignancies that causes millions of deaths every year. With the new understanding of the molecular...
Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer: From mechanisms to treatment strategies
March 2026
Over the last few decades, platinum-based chemotherapy has served as the standard chemotherapy in treating ovarian cancer (OC). While most patients initially respond well to platinum-based chemotherapy,...
Genetics, epidemiology and management of clubfoot and related disorders
November 2025
Clubfoot, medically termed congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV), is a prevalent musculoskeletal birth defect, affecting approximately 0.3% of all live births. This serious congenital anomaly results...
Age-related macular degeneration: Epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and targeted therapy
January 2022
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex eye disorder and is the leading cause of incurable blindness worldwide in the elderly. Clinically, AMD initially affects the central area of retina...
Recent advances in human papillomavirus vaccines and therapeutic strategies: Combating cervical and non-cervical cancers
May 2026
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are a major cause of several cancers, particularly cervical cancer, and remain a serious public health challenge, particularly in low-resource countries. In addition to...
Optimized Yamanaka factors combined with TERT gene therapy for enhanced anti-aging effects
March 2026
Genetics of severe combined immunodeficiency
March 2020
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) is an inherited group of rare, life-threatening disorders due to the defect in T cell development and function. Clinical manifestations are characterised by recurrent...
Canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling: Multilayered mediators, signaling mechanisms and major signaling crosstalk
January 2024
Wnt signaling plays a major role in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. The Wnt ligands are a family of 19 secreted glycoproteins that mediate their signaling effects via binding to Frizzled...
Melanoma: Molecular genetics, metastasis, targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and therapeutic resistance
November 2022
Cutaneous melanoma is a common cancer and cases have steadily increased since the mid 70s. For some patients, early diagnosis and surgical removal of melanomas is lifesaving, while other patients typically...
Pretreating and normalizing metabolomics data for statistical analysis
May 2024
Metabolomics as a research field and a set of techniques is to study the entire small molecules in biological samples. Metabolomics is emerging as a powerful tool generally for precision medicine. Particularly,...
Artificial intelligence in drug development: From molecular discovery to precision medicine
Available online 6 August 2026
Drug development remains notoriously slow, expensive, and prone to failure, with the majority of early research discoveries failing to translate into tangible clinical benefit. Artificial intelligence...
Anaplastic thyroid cancer: Genetic roles, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy
July 2025
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) stands as the most formidable form of thyroid malignancy, presenting a persistent challenge in clinical management. Recent years have witnessed a gradual unveiling of...
Advances in the mechanism and therapies of achondroplasia
July 2025
Achondroplasia (ACH), is the prevailing type of genetic dwarfism in humans, caused by mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) that are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. FGFR3...
ONC201/dordaviprone for H3 K27M-mutant tumors: Discovery, mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and future directions
January 2027
ONC201 (dordaviprone) has recently received accelerated approval for the treatment of recurrent H3 K27M–mutant diffuse midline glioma. Originally identified as TRAIL-inducing compound 10 (TIC10), ONC201...
DNA-based vaccines: Advances, applications, and future prospects
November 2026
DNA-based vaccines represent a promising advancement in immunization strategies, offering a novel approach for preventing infectious diseases and treating various conditions, including cancers and autoimmune...
Dendritic cell vaccines: Current research progress, challenges, and opportunities
July 2026
This review examines the advancements in cancer immunotherapies, particularly focusing on dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines developed through in vitro methods. DCs are essential for connecting innate...
An update on the genetics and pathogenesis of hereditary angioedema
March 2020
Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is an uncommon genetic disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of edema involving subcutaneous tissue and submucosa. The pathogenesis of HAE reflects an intricate coordinated...
The hidden Markov model and its applications in bioinformatics analysis
January 2026
Big biological data contains a large amount of life science information, yet extracting meaningful insights from this data remains a complex challenge. The hidden Markov model (HMM), a statistical model...
Drug repurposing: A novel strategy to target cancer stem cells and therapeutic resistance
January 2024
Chemotherapy is an effortless and frequently used approach in cancer therapy. However, in most cases, it can only prolong life expectancy and does not guarantee a complete cure. Furthermore, chemotherapy...
Impact of microRNAs on tumor-associated factors and signaling pathways: Mechanisms and perspectives
Available online 20 April 2026
Numerous studies have linked microRNAs (miRNAs), small, single-stranded regulatory RNAs, to various human cancers. As integrators of post-transcriptional control, miRNAs contribute to tumor initiation,...
Differences between lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma: Driver genes, therapeutic targets, and clinical efficacy
May 2025
With the rapid advancements in second-generation gene sequencing technologies, a growing number of driver genes and associated therapeutic targets have been unveiled for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and...
Obesity accelerates aging: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications
September 2026
Global aging is increasing, and both aging and age-related diseases have emerged as significant public health challenges. According to previous literature, aging is characterized by multiple hallmarks,...
Oncogenic activation of PIK3CA in cancers: Emerging targeted therapies in precision oncology
March 2025
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are heterodimers consisting of a p110 catalytic subunit and a p85 regulatory subunit. The PIK3CA gene, which encodes the p110α, is the most frequently mutated oncogene...