Compound extreme events and health risks in China: A review
September 2025
Against the backdrop of global warming, China has been facing increasingly frequent and severe extreme weather and climate events, with a prominent risk of compound extreme events induced by interactions...
Nowcasting of cloud-to-ground lightning location and frequency based on a deep learning technique
May 2026
Predicting lightning that can cause power grid trips is significant for disaster prevention. This paper integrates cloud-to-ground lightning detection, water vapor and infrared channel as well as channel...
A systematic approach to developing an effective AI-based bias correction model
Available online 6 March 2026
This study introduces ReSA-ConvLSTM, an AI framework for systematic bias correction in numerical weather prediction. The authors propose three innovations by integrating dynamic climatological normalization,...
Heatwaves induce blood pressure elevations in elderly hypertensive populations: Evidence from a panel study
July 2026
Climate change has intensified extreme heat events, increasing cardiovascular risk, especially among older individuals with hypertension, due to compromised thermoregulation and vascular function. This...
Infrared brightness temperature–based indicators for identifying thunderstorm clouds: Insights from FY-4A satellite observations
May 2026
Accurate monitoring and timely identification of early indicators of thunderstorms are of paramount importance in preventing and mitigating the potential disasters associated with such meteorological...
Improving seasonal prediction skill for South China heatwaves based on circulation classification and machine learning
Available online 10 March 2026
Due to the diverse circulation backgrounds of South China heatwaves, this study employed circulation-based classification and machine learning to improve seasonal prediction skill of heatwaves. Specifically,...
Two types of low-level jets in China during the warm season: Observational climatology from radiosonde data
Available online 2 March 2026
Low-level jets (LLJs) are widespread across China and significantly shape warm-season precipitation. This study provides the first observational climatology of two LLJ types—boundary-layer jets (BLJs)...
Surface flux–induced salinity change and its effects on ocean stratification in response to global warming
January 2026
Global warming induced by increased CO2 has caused marked changes in the ocean. Previous estimates of ocean salinity change in response to global warming have considerable ambiguity, largely attributable...
State of China’s climate in 2024
September 2025
The year 2024 witnessed remarkable climatic anomalies across China, characterized by pronounced warm and wet conditions. The annual mean temperature soared to a record high since 1951, with seasonal...
What are the major environmental factors influencing the intensification rate of tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific?
Available online 13 March 2026
The intensification rate (IR) of tropical cyclones (TCs) is influenced by environmental conditions. Atmospheric and oceanic conditions for TC intensification are non-uniform in the western North Pacific...
The record-breaking compound heatwave and drought event in 2024 over the Sichuan basin, Southwest China
Available online 2 February 2026
During August to September 2024, the Sichuan Basin in Southwest China experienced a record-breaking compound heatwave and drought event (CHDE)—the most severe since 1980. This event was characterized...
CLKA-LPO: A CNN-LSTM-KAN neural network for lightning potential and flash rate prediction based on atmospheric physical parameters
May 2026
Lightning poses significant risks to infrastructure and safety. Existing forecasting models depend on LPI data but often ignore the impact of atmospheric parameters on lightning. These methods are simple...
A dual-weighted loss function for lightning nowcasting
May 2026
Lightning associated with severe convective weather poses a significant threat to public safety and infrastructure. While traditional numerical weather prediction and statistical methods have limitations...
State of China’s atmospheric environment in 2025
Available online 2 May 2026
The year 2025 experienced appreciable improvements in both PM2.5 and O3 air quality over China but with strong regional differences. Relative to 2022–2024, the national PM2.5 concentration in 2025 was...
Moving marine heatwaves are larger and longer-lived than stationary events
Available online 8 April 2026
Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are prolonged periods of unusually high sea surface temperature (SST) and cause severe damage to marine ecosystems and regional economies. Although previous studies have identified...
Luzon Strait heat transport and mesoscale eddies’ enhancement effect on boreal winter subsurface marine heatwaves in the South China Sea
Available online 13 February 2026
Marine heatwaves (MHWs) in the South China Sea (SCS) significantly impact marine ecosystems, yet boreal winter subsurface events remain underexplored. This study investigates the spatiotemporal characteristics,...
Nonlinear and asymmetric response of the Miocene ENSO to increasing CO2 forcing
Available online 20 January 2026
The characteristics of the Miocene El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and its response to varying atmospheric CO2 levels are investigated by using the fully coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation...
Assessment of global meteorological, hydrological and agricultural drought under future warming based on CMIP6
January 2022
Quantifying the changes and propagation of drought is of great importance for regional eco-environmental safety and water-related disaster management under global warming. In this study, phase 6 of...
Machine learning attribution and projection of extreme precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau
Available online 16 March 2026
Increasingly extreme precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) threatens infrastructure, ecosystems, and livelihoods. However, traditional linear models are limited in capturing nonlinear drivers and...
3D DBSCAN detection and parameter sensitivity of the 2022 Yangtze river summertime heatwave and drought
July 2023
Spatially and temporally accurate event detection is a precondition for exploring the mechanisms of climate extremes. To achieve this, a classical unsupervised machine learning method, the DBSCAN (Density-Based...
Research on the correlation between meteorological radar echo characteristics and lightning warning technology
May 2026
Based on radiosonde, lightning locator, and meteorological radar observational data in the central region of Shanxi Province from 2021 to 2024, the correlation between radar reflectivity characteristics...
U-Net: A deep-learning method for improving summer precipitation forecasts in China
July 2023
A deep-learning method named U-Net was applied to improve the skill in forecasting summer (June–August) precipitation for at a one-month lead during the period 1981–2020 in China. The variables of geopotential...
The ocean response to climate change guides both adaptation and mitigation efforts
July 2022
The ocean's thermal inertia is a major contributor to irreversible ocean changes exceeding time scales that matter to human society. This fact is a challenge to societies as they prepare for the consequences...
Modeling Eocene Asian climate with geologically revised paleogeography
Available online 12 March 2026
The Eocene was one of the warmest intervals of the Cenozoic, during which the Asian hydroclimate reorganized alongside major tectonic and paleogeographic changes. Yet, large uncertainties in the paleotopography...
Thunderstorms without tropopause penetration in Central Africa produce cloud-top jet events
May 2026
Using multi-satellite observations, the authors examined 20 upward discharge events from thunderstorms (15 blue jets (BJs)/blue starters (BSs) and 5 gigantic jets (GJs)) observed by ISUAL (Imager of...
