Cancer chemotherapy and beyond: Current status, drug candidates, associated risks and progress in targeted therapeutics
July 2023
Cancer is an abnormal state of cells where they undergo uncontrolled proliferation and produce aggressive malignancies that causes millions of deaths every year. With the new understanding of the molecular...
High-dose vitamin C: A promising anti-tumor agent, insight from mechanisms, clinical research, and challenges
Available online 27 June 2025
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, has sparked controversy since it first emerged as a potential anti-cancer agent. However, an increasing number of preclinical studies have demonstrated that high-dose...
In vivo production of CAR T cell: Opportunities and challenges
November 2025
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cell therapy has achieved remarkable efficacy for patients with hematological malignancies. However, in vitro viral vector-mediated production of CAR T cells is time-consuming...
Tirzepatide, a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist, alleviates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease by reducing the expression of CD36 and OBP2A
November 2025
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is defined by excessive hepatic lipid accumulation. This study evaluated the therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms of tirzepatide,...
The hidden Markov model and its applications in bioinformatics analysis
January 2026
Big biological data contains a large amount of life science information, yet extracting meaningful insights from this data remains a complex challenge. The hidden Markov model (HMM), a statistical model...
Canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling: Multilayered mediators, signaling mechanisms and major signaling crosstalk
January 2024
Wnt signaling plays a major role in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. The Wnt ligands are a family of 19 secreted glycoproteins that mediate their signaling effects via binding to Frizzled...
Clinical applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing system: Delivery options and challenges in precision medicine
January 2024
CRISPR/Cas9 is an effective gene editing tool with broad applications for the prevention or treatment of numerous diseases. It depends on CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)...
Breast cancer development and progression: Risk factors, cancer stem cells, signaling pathways, genomics, and molecular pathogenesis
June 2018
As the most commonly occurring cancer in women worldwide, breast cancer poses a formidable public health challenge on a global scale. Breast cancer consists of a group of biologically and molecularly...
Age-related macular degeneration: Epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and targeted therapy
January 2022
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex eye disorder and is the leading cause of incurable blindness worldwide in the elderly. Clinically, AMD initially affects the central area of retina...
Pretreating and normalizing metabolomics data for statistical analysis
May 2024
Metabolomics as a research field and a set of techniques is to study the entire small molecules in biological samples. Metabolomics is emerging as a powerful tool generally for precision medicine. Particularly,...
Differences between lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma: Driver genes, therapeutic targets, and clinical efficacy
May 2025
With the rapid advancements in second-generation gene sequencing technologies, a growing number of driver genes and associated therapeutic targets have been unveiled for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and...
Patient-derived xenograft models: Current status, challenges, and innovations in cancer research
September 2025
Despite advancing therapeutic treatments, cancer remains the leading cause of death worldwide, with most of its patients developing drug resistance and recurrence after initial treatment. Therefore,...
Crosstalk between the circadian clock, intestinal stem cell niche, and epithelial cell fate decision
November 2025
The circadian rhythm, a 24-h cycle, plays a crucial role in regulating gut physiological processes, particularly the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells, which are essential...
cGAS knockout inhibited endotoxin-induced uveitis in mice
Available online 29 July 2025
Our research focused on the impact of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS)–stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway on retinal inflammation and employed an...
Decoding the impact of gut microbiota on heart failure
November 2025
Decreased cardiac output in heart failure leads to intestinal ischemia and increased permeability. Substantial changes occur in the gut microbiota, characterized by a decline in beneficial bacteria...
Optimized Yamanaka factors combined with TERT gene therapy for enhanced anti-aging effects
Available online 12 May 2025
cTnIR193H restrictive cardiomyopathy mice satisfy high-energy metabolic demands through regulating glucose metabolism
Available online 25 July 2025
This work aims to investigate the energy metabolism in mice with restrictive cardiomyopathy induced by cardiac troponin I (cTnI) R193H mutation. Echocardiography was used to monitor cardiac function....
Emerging role of SETD2 in the development and function of immune cells
November 2025
SET domain-containing 2 (SETD2) is a methyltransferase that catalyzes trimethylation of lysine 36 on H3 (H3K36me3) in mammals, an epigenetic mark associated with actively transcribed regions. SETD2...
Oncogenic activation of PIK3CA in cancers: Emerging targeted therapies in precision oncology
March 2025
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are heterodimers consisting of a p110 catalytic subunit and a p85 regulatory subunit. The PIK3CA gene, which encodes the p110α, is the most frequently mutated oncogene...
Non-clinical safety considerations on genome editing using the CRISPR/Cas system
Available online 28 July 2025
Recent advances in gene editing using the CRISPR/Cas system have revolutionized genome editing, opening new horizons for human cellular and gene therapy products. Genome editing technologies are rapidly...
Genetics, epidemiology and management of clubfoot and related disorders
November 2025
Clubfoot, medically termed congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV), is a prevalent musculoskeletal birth defect, affecting approximately 0.3% of all live births. This serious congenital anomaly results...
Targeting ferroptosis in cancer stem cells: A novel strategy to improve cancer treatment
November 2025
Ferroptosis, a distinct regulated cell death process characterized by iron retention and lipid peroxidation, plays a crucial role in the survival of cancer stem cells (CSCs), key contributors to cancer...
Targeting RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK signaling pathway in human cancer: Current status in clinical trials
January 2023
Molecular target inhibitors have been regularly approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for tumor treatment, and most of them intervene in tumor cell proliferation and metabolism. The RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK...
Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer: From mechanisms to treatment strategies
Available online 11 August 2025
Over the last few decades, platinum-based chemotherapy has served as the standard chemotherapy in treating ovarian cancer (OC). While most patients initially respond well to platinum-based chemotherapy,...
The Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-kB) signaling in cancer development and immune diseases
May 2021
The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) family of transcription factors plays an essential role as stressors in the cellular environment, and controls the expression of important regulatory genes such as...