Barriers and facilitators to accessing medicines in the UK: A qualitative study evaluating pharmaceutical industry perspectives
Available online 4 September 2026
Access to medicines in the UK is influenced by complex processes, including licensing, health technology assessment (HTA), and reimbursement. This qualitative study explores pharmaceutical industry...
Advances in online cost-effectiveness analysis models and AI-assisted decision support tools: A mixed-methods study with implications for China
Available online 4 September 2026
To optimize pharmacoeconomic tools used in China’s National Reimbursement Drug List (NRDL) negotiations, this study reviewed the development of online cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) models and related...
Refining a precision medicine economic evaluation framework: Insights from a multi-stakeholder consultative workshop
Available online 3 September 2026
A reference case (RC), hereafter referred to as population, intervention, comparator, costs, outcomes, time, ethics & equity, adaptability, modeling (PICCOTEAM) RC, was developed to guide the conduct...
Health literacy as a driver of health outcomes and economic burden among patients visiting community pharmacies in Pakistan
Available online 1 September 2026
Health literacy (HL) is a critical determinant of health outcomes, influencing individuals' ability to understand health information, make informed decisions, and engage in self-care practices. By understanding...
Cost-utility of injectable and oral GLP-1RAs for type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with metformin: A Markov model analysis
Available online 1 September 2026
To evaluate the cost-utility of five glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), i.e., liraglutide, dulaglutide, polyethylene glycol loxenatide (PEG-loxenatide), and injectable and oral semaglutide,...
Predictors of complementary and alternative medicine use and its association with attitudes toward antiviral therapy among patients with hepatitis C in Pakistan: A cross-sectional study
Available online 31 August 2026
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is increasingly utilized in low-income settings, yet its relationship with attitudes towards antiviral therapy among hepatitis C patients remains understudied....
The minimum decision-relevant incremental QALY: A conceptual and methodological foundation for value-based decision making in HTA
Available online 31 August 2026
•MDIQ is proposed as a reference level for decision-relevant ΔQALY gains.•MDIQ is distinguished from ICER and MCID in purpose and decision level.•MDIQ makes implicit value judgements explicit in HTA...
Cost-effectiveness of mitoxantrone liposome versus chidamide in relapsed/refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma in China: A partitioned survival model with mixture cure extrapolation
Available online 31 August 2026
Long-term economic evidence remains limited regarding mitoxantrone hydrochloride liposome injection (PLM60) in relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma (R/R PTCL), particularly when transplantation...
Anticipating a regional shift: Preparing the pharmaceutical industry for real-world evidence requirements across East Asia analogous to a Conditional Reimbursement List framework
June 2026
•The CRL in Taiwan, China is a structured RWE-linked reimbursement model in East Asia.•Cost, aging, and uncertainty drive CRL-like shifts across East Asia.•Pharmaceuticals must shift to lifecycle RWE...
Ethical compliance of drug promotional literature using WHO criteria: Implications for medicines policy and rational use
June 2026
Drug promotional literature (DPL) is one of the most common sources of drug information for healthcare professionals. However, incomplete or selective presentation of information may prevent balanced...
Pharmacoeconomic evaluation for Chinese medicine products: Progress, challenges, and suggestions
June 2026
Pharmacoeconomic evaluation is essential for integrating Chinese medicine products into health systems. Despite notable progress in research output and quality over the past decade, methodological challenges...
Temporal trends and hierarchical disparities of antibiotic utilization patterns: A longitudinal analysis in Shanghai, 2017−2024
June 2026
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical public health threat. As a densely populated megacity, Shanghai exhibits complex patterns of antibiotic consumption. This study evaluated temporal trends...
Disease burden of pulmonary arterial hypertension attributable to three factors based on the Global Burden of Disease 2021
June 2026
Despite improvements in survival rates for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), its contribution to the mortality from chronic diseases remains significant, imposing a substantial medical and economic...
Cost-effectiveness analysis of multiple fall prevention interventions for older adults in China: A Markov model approach
June 2026
We evaluated the long-term health outcomes and economic value of multiple fall prevention strategies for older adults in China to inform community-based resource allocation. From a societal perspective,...
Comparative review of selected health technology assessment agencies: Features and insights for health technology assessment development and improvement
June 2026
Health technology assessment (HTA) is increasingly used to guide coverage and pricing decisions, but many countries lack formal HTA agencies or rely on fragmented processes. This study aims to compare...
Linked pharmacometrics-pharmacoeconomics model for cost-effectiveness analysis of tacrolimus in liver transplant patients from real-world data
June 2026
Tacrolimus (TAC) is an essential immunosuppressant for preventing graft failure after liver transplantation, but its narrow therapeutic window, high cost, and metabolism by CYP3A4/3A5 create challenges...
Cost-effectiveness analysis of toripalimab plus bevacizumab versus sorafenib as first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in China
March 2026
This study sought to conduct an evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of toripalimab plus bevacizumab versus sorafenib in the treatment of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the...
Disease burden and productivity loss of T2DM in the Western Pacific region from 1990 to 2050: A modeling study using GBD 2021
March 2026
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) exhibits a notably high prevalence across the Western Pacific region, resulting in considerable disease burden and substantial productivity losses. Accordingly, the present...
Cost-effectiveness of clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A systematic review
March 2026
Clopidogrel is widely prescribed to individuals with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) treated using percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This systematic review aims to synthesize existing economic...
Clinical burden and health-related quality of life in Chinese patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type II under 16 years
March 2026
This study assessed the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of Chinese patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) and explored key factors associated with HRQoL. A cross-sectional survey...
Current clinical practice including treatment patterns and pathways in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients in China: A real-world analysis
March 2026
In China, limited real-world evidence exists regarding treatment practices, clinical pathways, and disease burden for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). This study seeks to describe...
Cost-effectiveness analysis of bevifibatide for patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in China
March 2026
This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of bevifibatide versus eptifibatide for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in China. A 30-day decision...
Impact of China’s drug innovation policy on patent quantity and quality: Evidence from a representative chemical pharmaceutical enterprise
December 2025
The number of patent applications reflects the intensity of innovation activity, and patent quality indicates the level of innovation capability. Both indicators are used to evaluate the effectiveness...
Setting the annual treatment cost negotiation threshold for high-value innovative drugs from an opportunity cost perspective: A case study in high-value innovative oncology drugs
December 2025
Given that the current annual treatment cost threshold in China restricts price negotiations for some high-value innovative drugs, patients with related conditions often experience limited treatment...