Unveiling the cryptic diversity and distribution of elements related to virophage mavirus through deep mining of pPolB proteins
Available online 24 March 2026
Virophages are unique double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses that parasitize viruses of Nucleocytoviricota (NCVs). While conventionally viewed as a viral group, growing evidence suggests that "virophage"...
Feline calicivirus VP1-based mRNA vaccine protects cats against FCV challenge
Available online 24 March 2026
•An FCV-VP1 mRNA-LNP vaccine was constructed, utilizing a non-viral platform that enhances safety and production flexibility.•The vaccine elicits effective and durable neutralizing antibodies response,...
Identification of a novel HIV-1 circulating recombinant form (CRF161_0107) from CRF01_AE-C5 lineage among men who have sex with men in southwestern China
Available online 20 March 2026
•Identification of a novel HIV-1 circulating recombinant form (CRF161_0107) in Chinese men who have sex with men.•CRF161_0107 emerged around 2016, exhibiting unique CRF01_AE-C5 and CRF07_BC-N parental...
ZNF219 inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus by degrading viral S2 protein
Available online 20 March 2026
Since its discovery, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has significantly affected the agricultural economy worldwide. The available commercialized coronavirus vaccines cannot adequately control...
The expression of CD39 on NK cells relates to poor HIV-1 suppression in treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected individuals: Association with elevated IL-10 secretion and TIGIT co-expression
Available online 19 March 2026
CD39 exerts an inhibitory effect on tumour progression by impairing the cytotoxic capacity of natural killer (NK) cells against cancer cells. However, the impact of CD39 expression on the non-cytolytic...
Emergence of a novel H4N6 avian influenza virus with mammalian adaptation isolated from migratory birds in Zhejiang Province, China, 2024
Available online 14 March 2026
•The H4N6/G030 strain, a novel H4N6 avian influenza virus (AIV), was isolated from a red-necked stint.•The H4N6/G030 is a novel cross-species reassortant derived from wild bird and poultry AIV lineages.•The...
Hepatitis B Virus Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression by Disrupting NSUN2/YBX1-mediated m5C Modification of PTEN mRNA
Available online 12 March 2026
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been implicated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression, partly through regulation of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). Although transcriptional...
Metatranscriptomics uncovers host immune and microbiome signatures specific to and shared between Human Metapneumovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus infections in children
Available online 11 March 2026
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a prevalent respiratory virus in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections that is highly homologous with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the primary...
Development of an HSV-1 F strain BAC system using the synthetic platform
Available online 11 March 2026
•A novel HSV-1 F-strain Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (F-BAC) was generated by synthetic biology platform.•The LoxP-flanked BAC sequence in F-BAC could be efficiently removed via in vitro Cre-LoxP...
Metatranscriptomics profiling reveals rodent- and shrew-borne viral diversity and evolutionary relationships in Guangzhou, China
February 2026
Emerging zoonotic infectious diseases, predominantly caused by viruses, pose increasing public health threats globally. Rodents and shrews are natural hosts for a variety of zoonotic viruses. Guangzhou...
Development of the reverse genetics system for viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus genotype IVa and its application in antiviral compound screening
February 2026
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is a major pathogen affecting freshwater and marine fish species, posing a significant threat to global aquaculture. Reverse genetics systems are essential...
Emergence and molecular characterization of bovine papular stomatitis virus in Chinese cattle
February 2026
•Virome profiling of calves presenting skin lesions enabled the identification of BPSV, IDV, BRAV, and RVA.•The near-complete genome of BPSV/HBSJZ/CHN/2024 showed the highest identity to the Iranian...
Multivalent display of envelope protein domain III with Mi3 nanoparticles induces protective immunity against lethal Zika virus infection in mice
February 2026
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is associated with severe neurological complications such as congenital microcephaly, yet no safe and effective vaccine is currently available. A critical challenge in ZIKV...
Current status of dengue fever epidemics and vaccine development
February 2026
Dengue fever, an acute mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by dengue virus (DENV), is primarily endemic in tropical and subtropical regions. In recent years, the global incidence of dengue has...
Systematic evaluation of HSV-1 Δ34.5Δ47 as a dual-function platform for attenuated HSV-1 vaccine and heterologous antigen delivery
February 2026
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) causes lifelong latent infection and is associated with severe diseases, including herpes simplex encephalitis, neonatal herpes, and no licensed vaccine is currently...
Characteristics of humoral and T-cell immune responses in people living with HIV after breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection during December 2022 to January 2023
February 2026
Due to inherent immune deficiency, the characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific immune responses in people living with HIV (PLWH) following breakthrough...
Pseudorabies virus TK protein antagonizes alpha interferon response by interfering with the JAK1-STAT1 interaction
February 2026
Pseudorabies virus (PRV), a member of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily, is the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease, which severely affects swine health and poses a potential zoonotic risk. PRV can...
Enhancing the stability of influenza a reporter viruses by recoding the gfp gene
February 2026
Influenza A virus (IAV) is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens and can cause global influenza pandemics and seasonal influenza outbreaks. Generation of recombinant IAV expressing a fluorescent...
Genomic evidence of HMPV resurgence in Beijing: Clade B2 triggers the 2024 winter epidemic peak
February 2026
With an unexpected increase of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) cases in northern China since late 2024, concerns arose whether novel hMPV variants triggered this epidemic. Utilizing the Beijing Respiratory...
Advances in human respiratory organoid models for studying the pathogenesis and intervention strategies of COVID-19
February 2026
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), affects multiple organ systems, with the respiratory system being the primary target....
GP38 is a structural component of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus particles
February 2026
•LC-MS/MS analysis indicated comparable levels of GP38 and viral structural proteins (NP, Gn, Gc) in purified CCHFV particles.•Western blot and IEM results confirm the presence of GP38 in CCHFV particles.•CCHFV...
Nuclear translocation of Sp100A suppresses multiple DNA viruses and limits HSV-1 lytic replication in vivo
February 2026
Sp100 (Speckled protein 100 kDa), a key component of promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies, plays a pivotal role in intrinsic and innate immunity. The predominant isoform, Sp100A, has been shown...
The role of T cells in influenza infection and vaccination
February 2026
Influenza virus infections cause significant illness or death every year, becoming a serious health risk. Currently, influenza vaccines mainly induce responses to antibodies against specific strains,...
Development of a stable replicon system of a pangolin merbecovirus for antiviral screening
February 2026
•A replicon of the pangolin HKU4-related coronavirus (MjHKU4r-CoV-1) containing a nanoluciferase reporter gene was constructed.•A stable BHK21 cell line carrying the replicon has been generated.•This...
Integrated multiplex PCR and metatranscriptomics reveal upper-lower airway microbial landscapes in pediatric respiratory infections
February 2026
Despite widespread use of multiple PCR, a substantial proportion of pediatric acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) lack identifiable pathogens and are classified as unknown etiology. The microbial...