STING1 negatively regulates translation and replication of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus independently of interferon and is antagonized by the viral proteins 3C and 2B
Available online 17 April 2026
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), a highly contagious picornavirus, employs multifaceted strategies to evade host innate immunity, with viral proteins 3C protease (3Cpro) and 2B serving as key immune...
A natural five-amino-acid insert at the S2’ cleavage site of MERS-CoV spike enhances viral membrane fusion
Available online 16 April 2026
•A novel 5-aa insert, TSGVF, is present at the S2’ cleavage site of the spike protein of MERS-CoV from dromedary camels.•Pseudovirus-based entry assays showed that the TSGVF insert increases viral entry...
Generation of G9 genotype porcine rotavirus using reverse genetics system and its application for antiviral screen and vaccine development
Available online 15 April 2026
Group A rotaviruses (RVs) continue to be one of the most important pathogens causing severe acute gastroenteritis in infants and young animals worldwide. Recently, the prevalence of porcine RV (PoRV)...
A semi-replicating VSV (srVSV)-based platform for developing broad-spectrum mucosal vaccines against influenza A viruses
Available online 13 April 2026
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are significant respiratory pathogens characterized by high mutation rates and frequent genetic reassortments, underscoring the need for vaccines that can induce robust and...
Identification and characterization of a novel ulcerative enteritis-associated adenovirus of quail causing cross-species infection in chickens
Available online 10 April 2026
•Ulcerative enteritis is a great threat to the quail industry.•A quail siadenovirus (QAdV-1) was identified to be associated with ulcerative enteritis-like disease.•QAdV-1 is a novel member of the genus...
Nanobody targeting glycan cap confers broad orthoebolavirus neutralization
Available online 8 April 2026
The Zaire Ebola virus (EBOV) and Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) cause severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality, highlighting the urgent need for broad-spectrum antiviral therapies. Neutralizing nanobodies,...
Genomic-epidemiological analysis of 15 million SARS-CoV-2 genomes reveals accelerated fitness gain of JN.1 lineage
Available online 8 April 2026
The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has been driven by successive globally circulating waves, including the Alpha and Delta lineages, early Omicron (BA.1–BA.5), XBB, and the recently dominant JN.1 lineages....
Establishment of severe in vitro and in vivo infection models for coxsackievirus B4 and their application in identifying viral virulence determinants
Available online 8 April 2026
Coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) is a highly pathogenic enterovirus associated with severe neurological disease and mortality. To establish research models that recapitulate severe CVB4 infection, two clinical...
Two Orthobunyaviruses: OYAV and EBIV co-opt the AhR-CYP1A1 axis to suppress type I interferon responses
Available online 7 April 2026
The type I interferon (IFN-I) system serves as a frontline defense against viral infection, yet how orthobunyaviruses counteract this pathway remains poorly defined. Here, we identify cytochrome P450...
Development and characterization of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against clinically relevant human adenovirus subgroup B serotypes
Available online 2 April 2026
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs), particularly subgroup B serotypes HAdV-3 and HAdV-55, are associated with severe respiratory disease and currently lack targeted therapies. While neutralizing monoclonal...
Cepharanthine hydrochloride alleviates herpesvirus encephalitis by inhibiting Nrf2 degradation
Available online 1 April 2026
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection can induce herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), a life-threatening neurological disorder characterized by active viral replication within the central nervous...
Breaking barriers and beyond: mechanisms and pathological implications of Zika virus traversal across blood-tissue interfaces
Available online 28 March 2026
Blood-tissue barriers are specialized interfaces that safeguard organ homeostasis by restricting pathogen dissemination. Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging flavivirus of global concern, exhibits an exceptional...
Structural vaccinology expedites rational design of next-generation vaccines for influenza and respiratory syncytial virus
Available online 27 March 2026
Vaccination stands as the single most effective and cost-efficient public health intervention in human history, serving as a cornerstone of modern medicine that profoundly transforms global health outcomes....
Tupaia belangeri better reflects the typical symptoms of Chikungunya virus infection than mice: a comparative study
Available online 27 March 2026
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection in humans is typically characterized by acute febrile illness, rash, and polyarthralgia, and often progresses to chronic arthralgia. However, existing small-animal...
EBV nuclear antigen 1 hijacks DDX5/BZLF1 axis to facilitate viral lytic replication
Available online 27 March 2026
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic replication is a key driver of viral dissemination and tumorigenicity in epithelial malignancies, such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and gastric cancer (GC). However,...
Unveiling the cryptic diversity and distribution of elements related to virophage mavirus through deep mining of pPolB proteins
Available online 24 March 2026
Virophages are unique double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses that parasitize viruses of Nucleocytoviricota (NCVs). While conventionally viewed as a viral group, growing evidence suggests that “virophage”...
Feline calicivirus VP1-based mRNA vaccine protects cats against FCV challenge
Available online 24 March 2026
•An FCV-VP1 mRNA-LNP vaccine was constructed, utilizing a safe, flexible non-viral platform.•The vaccine elicits effective, durable neutralizing antibodies, protecting cats from FCV challenge.•This...
Identification of a novel HIV-1 circulating recombinant form (CRF161_0107) from CRF01_AE-C5 lineage among men who have sex with men in southwestern China
Available online 20 March 2026
•Identification of a novel HIV-1 circulating recombinant form (CRF161_0107) in Chinese men who have sex with men.•CRF161_0107 emerged around 2016, exhibiting unique CRF01_AE-C5 and CRF07_BC-N parental...
ZNF219 inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus by degrading viral S2 protein
Available online 20 March 2026
Since its discovery, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has significantly affected the agricultural economy worldwide. The available commercialized coronavirus vaccines cannot adequately control...
The expression of CD39 on NK cells relates to poor HIV-1 suppression in treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected individuals: Association with elevated IL-10 secretion and TIGIT co-expression
Available online 19 March 2026
CD39 exerts an inhibitory effect on tumour progression by impairing the cytotoxic capacity of natural killer (NK) cells against cancer cells. However, the impact of CD39 expression on the non-cytolytic...
Emergence of a novel H4N6 avian influenza virus with mammalian adaptation isolated from migratory birds in Zhejiang Province, China, 2024
Available online 14 March 2026
•The H4N6/G030 strain, a novel H4N6 avian influenza virus (AIV), was isolated from a red-necked stint.•The H4N6/G030 is a novel cross-species reassortant derived from wild bird and poultry AIV lineages.•The...
Hepatitis B Virus Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression by Disrupting NSUN2/YBX1-mediated m5C Modification of PTEN mRNA
Available online 12 March 2026
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been implicated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression, partly through regulation of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). Although transcriptional...
Metatranscriptomics uncovers host immune and microbiome signatures specific to and shared between human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus infections in children
Available online 11 March 2026
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a prevalent respiratory virus in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections that is highly homologous with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the primary...
Development of an HSV-1 F strain BAC system using the synthetic platform
Available online 11 March 2026
•A novel BAC of HSV-1 F-strain was generated by synthetic biology.•The BAC sequence could be removed from F-BAC via in vitro Cre-LoxP recombination.•The resulting F-BACΔ virus shows replication property...
Metatranscriptomics profiling reveals rodent- and shrew-borne viral diversity and evolutionary relationships in Guangzhou, China
February 2026
Emerging zoonotic infectious diseases, predominantly caused by viruses, pose increasing public health threats globally. Rodents and shrews are natural hosts for a variety of zoonotic viruses. Guangzhou...