The expression of CD39 on NK cells relates to poor HIV-1 suppression in treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected individuals: Association with elevated IL-10 secretion and TIGIT co-expression
April 2026
CD39 exerts an inhibitory effect on tumour progression by impairing the cytotoxic capacity of natural killer (NK) cells against cancer cells. However, the impact of CD39 expression on the non-cytolytic...
Identification of a novel HIV-1 circulating recombinant form (CRF161_0107) from CRF01_AE-C5 lineage among men who have sex with men in southwestern China
April 2026
•Identification of a novel HIV-1 circulating recombinant form (CRF161_0107) in Chinese men who have sex with men.•CRF161_0107 emerged around 2016, exhibiting unique CRF01_AE-C5 and CRF07_BC-N parental...
ZNF219 inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus by degrading viral S2 protein
April 2026
Since its discovery, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has significantly affected the agricultural economy worldwide. The available commercialized coronavirus vaccines cannot adequately control...
Unveiling the cryptic diversity and distribution of elements related to virophage mavirus through deep mining of pPolB proteins
April 2026
Virophages are unique double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses that parasitize viruses of Nucleocytoviricota (NCVs). While conventionally viewed as a viral group, growing evidence suggests that “virophage”...
Feline calicivirus VP1-based mRNA vaccine protects cats against FCV challenge
April 2026
•An FCV-VP1 mRNA-LNP vaccine was constructed, utilizing a safe, flexible non-viral platform.•The vaccine elicits effective, durable neutralizing antibodies, protecting cats from FCV challenge.•This...
Structural vaccinology expedites rational design of next-generation vaccines for influenza and respiratory syncytial virus
April 2026
Vaccination stands as the single most effective and cost-efficient public health intervention in human history, serving as a cornerstone of modern medicine that profoundly transforms global health outcomes....
EBV nuclear antigen 1 hijacks DDX5/BZLF1 axis to facilitate viral lytic replication
April 2026
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic replication is a key driver of viral dissemination and tumorigenicity in epithelial malignancies, such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and gastric cancer (GC). However,...
Breaking barriers and beyond: Mechanisms and pathological implications of Zika virus traversal across blood-tissue interfaces
April 2026
Blood-tissue barriers are specialized interfaces that safeguard organ homeostasis by restricting pathogen dissemination. Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging flavivirus of global concern, exhibits an exceptional...
Cepharanthine hydrochloride alleviates herpesvirus encephalitis by inhibiting Nrf2 degradation
April 2026
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection can induce herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), a life-threatening neurological disorder characterized by active viral replication within the central nervous...
Development and characterization of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against clinically relevant human adenovirus subgroup B serotypes
April 2026
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs), particularly subgroup B serotypes HAdV-3 and HAdV-55, are associated with severe respiratory disease and currently lack targeted therapies. While neutralizing monoclonal...
Two orthobunyaviruses: OYAV and EBIV co-opt the AhR-CYP1A1 axis to suppress type I interferon responses
April 2026
The type I interferon (IFN-I) system serves as a frontline defense against viral infection, yet how orthobunyaviruses counteract this pathway remains poorly defined. Here, we identify cytochrome P450...
Nanobody targeting glycan cap confers broad orthoebolavirus neutralization
April 2026
The Zaire Ebola virus (EBOV) and Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) cause severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality, highlighting the urgent need for broad-spectrum antiviral therapies. Neutralizing nanobodies,...
Genomic-epidemiological analysis of 15 million SARS-CoV-2 genomes reveals accelerated fitness gain of JN.1 lineage
April 2026
The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has been driven by successive globally circulating waves, including the Alpha and Delta lineages, early Omicron (BA.1–BA.5), XBB, and the recently dominant JN.1 lineages....
Establishment of severe in vitro and in vivo infection models for coxsackievirus B4 and their application in identifying viral virulence determinants
April 2026
Coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) is a highly pathogenic enterovirus associated with severe neurological disease and mortality. To establish research models that recapitulate severe CVB4 infection, two clinical...
Identification and characterization of a novel ulcerative enteritis-associated adenovirus of quail causing cross-species infection in chickens
April 2026
•A quail siadenovirus (QAdV-1) was identified to be associated with ulcerative enteritis-like disease.•QAdV-1 is a novel member of the genus Siadenovirus in the family Adenoviridae.•QAdV-1 shows the...
A semi-replicating VSV (srVSV)-based platform for developing broad-spectrum mucosal vaccines against influenza A viruses
April 2026
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are significant respiratory pathogens characterized by high mutation rates and frequent genetic reassortments, underscoring the need for vaccines that can induce robust and...
Generation of G9 genotype porcine rotavirus using reverse genetics system and its application for antiviral screen and vaccine development
April 2026
Group A rotaviruses (RVs) continue to be one of the most important pathogens causing severe acute gastroenteritis in infants and young animals worldwide. Recently, the prevalence of porcine RV (PoRV)...
A natural five-amino-acid insert at the S2’ cleavage site of MERS-CoV spike enhances viral membrane fusion
April 2026
•A novel 5-aa insert, TSGVF, is present at the S2′ cleavage site of the spike protein of MERS-CoV from dromedary camels.•Pseudovirus-based entry assays showed that the TSGVF insert increases viral entry...
STING1 negatively regulates translation and replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus independently of interferon and is antagonized by the viral proteins 3C and 2B
April 2026
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), a highly contagious picornavirus, employs multifaceted strategies to evade host innate immunity, with viral proteins 3C protease (3Cpro) and 2B serving as key immune...
HVT-based multiepitope vaccine administered subcutaneously or in ovo boosts protection of inactivated H9N2 vaccine against heterologous virus
April 2026
H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) poses a persistent threat as inactivated vaccines (InV) often fail to prevent viral shedding. To address this, we developed a recombinant turkey herpesvirus (HVT-BNT)...
Issue Cover
April 2026
Tupaia belangeri better reflects the typical symptoms of Chikungunya virus infection than mice: A comparative study
Available online 27 March 2026
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection in humans is typically characterized by acute febrile illness, rash, and polyarthralgia, and often progresses to chronic arthralgia. However, existing small-animal...
