A natural five-amino-acid insert at the S2’ cleavage site of MERS-CoV spike enhances viral membrane fusion
April 2026
•A novel 5-aa insert, TSGVF, is present at the S2′ cleavage site of the spike protein of MERS-CoV from dromedary camels.•Pseudovirus-based entry assays showed that the TSGVF insert increases viral entry...
STING1 negatively regulates translation and replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus independently of interferon and is antagonized by the viral proteins 3C and 2B
April 2026
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), a highly contagious picornavirus, employs multifaceted strategies to evade host innate immunity, with viral proteins 3C protease (3Cpro) and 2B serving as key immune...
HVT-based multiepitope vaccine administered subcutaneously or in ovo boosts protection of inactivated H9N2 vaccine against heterologous virus
April 2026
H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) poses a persistent threat as inactivated vaccines (InV) often fail to prevent viral shedding. To address this, we developed a recombinant turkey herpesvirus (HVT-BNT)...
Issue Cover
April 2026
Tupaia belangeri better reflects the typical symptoms of Chikungunya virus infection than mice: A comparative study
Available online 27 March 2026
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection in humans is typically characterized by acute febrile illness, rash, and polyarthralgia, and often progresses to chronic arthralgia. However, existing small-animal...
Hepatitis B virus promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by disrupting NSUN2/YBX1-mediated m5C modification of PTEN mRNA
Available online 12 March 2026
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been implicated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression, partly through regulation of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). Although transcriptional...
Metatranscriptomics profiling reveals rodent- and shrew-borne viral diversity and evolutionary relationships in Guangzhou, China
February 2026
Emerging zoonotic infectious diseases, predominantly caused by viruses, pose increasing public health threats globally. Rodents and shrews are natural hosts for a variety of zoonotic viruses. Guangzhou...
Current status of dengue fever epidemics and vaccine development
February 2026
Dengue fever, an acute mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by dengue virus (DENV), is primarily endemic in tropical and subtropical regions. In recent years, the global incidence of dengue has...
Systematic evaluation of HSV-1 Δ34.5Δ47 as a dual-function platform for attenuated HSV-1 vaccine and heterologous antigen delivery
February 2026
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) causes lifelong latent infection and is associated with severe diseases, including herpes simplex encephalitis, neonatal herpes, and no licensed vaccine is currently...
Characteristics of humoral and T-cell immune responses in people living with HIV after breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection during December 2022 to January 2023
February 2026
Due to inherent immune deficiency, the characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific immune responses in people living with HIV (PLWH) following breakthrough...
Advances in human respiratory organoid models for studying the pathogenesis and intervention strategies of COVID-19
February 2026
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), affects multiple organ systems, with the respiratory system being the primary target....
GP38 is a structural component of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus particles
February 2026
•LC-MS/MS analysis indicated comparable levels of GP38 and viral structural proteins (NP, Gn, Gc) in purified CCHFV particles.•Western blot and IEM results confirm the presence of GP38 in CCHFV particles.•CCHFV...
Nuclear translocation of Sp100A suppresses multiple DNA viruses and limits HSV-1 lytic replication in vivo
February 2026
Sp100 (Speckled protein 100 kDa), a key component of promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies, plays a pivotal role in intrinsic and innate immunity. The predominant isoform, Sp100A, has been shown...
The role of T cells in influenza infection and vaccination
February 2026
Influenza virus infections cause significant illness or death every year, becoming a serious health risk. Currently, influenza vaccines mainly induce responses to antibodies against specific strains,...
Development of a stable replicon system of a pangolin merbecovirus for antiviral screening
February 2026
•A replicon of the pangolin HKU4-related coronavirus (MjHKU4r-CoV-1) containing a nanoluciferase reporter gene was constructed.•A stable BHK21 cell line carrying the replicon has been generated.•This...
Integrated multiplex PCR and metatranscriptomics reveal upper-lower airway microbial landscapes in pediatric respiratory infections
February 2026
Despite widespread use of multiple PCR, a substantial proportion of pediatric acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) lack identifiable pathogens and are classified as unknown etiology. The microbial...
Desmoglein 2 (DSG2)-knockout human respiratory epithelial cell model to study species B adenovirus receptor usage
February 2026
With an increasing number of human adenoviruses identified, the selection of potential therapeutic vectors broadens. For safety reasons, achieving cell-specific gene delivery is crucial to minimize...
Single-cell transcriptomic analyses of HSV-1 reactivation from latently infected tree shrew and mouse trigeminal ganglia reveal differing molecular and cellular processes
February 2026
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infects over 70% of the population and establishes lifelong latent infection with periodic reactivation in humans, resulting in various related diseases. However,...
Evidence of human exposure to tick-borne viruses based on viromes of ticks and presence of specific antibodies among patients in Hainan Island, southern China
February 2026
Hainan Island, located in the South China Sea, is known as an area with diseases related to Rickettsia spp. or spirochete infection; however, the potential threat there from infection with tick-borne...
GlycoRNAs: Biological functions and novel antiviral targets
February 2026
•GlycoRNAs on host cell surfaces serve as adhesive molecules for viral internalization.•GlycoRNAs may interact with immunomodulatory receptors and facilitate immune recognition and responses.•Targeting...
Phloretin targeting the 3CLpro Cys144 exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activity against swine enteric coronavirus
February 2026
Swine enteric coronaviruses (SECoVs) cause severe watery diarrhea and high mortality in piglets, resulting in significant economic losses to the global pig industry. However, frequent mutations in SECoVs...
Issue Cover
February 2026