Synoptic background conditions and moisture transport for producing the extreme heavy rainfall event in Valencia in 2024
November 2025
From 26 October to 2 November 2024, Spain experienced a record-breaking rainfall event, with the most intense episode appearing in Valencia Province. During the event, Turis station recorded a historic...
The extreme windstorm of April 2025 in northern and central-eastern China: Historical ranking and synoptic origins
November 2025
In mid-April 2025, northern and central-eastern China experienced a catastrophic compound disaster marked by Beaufort 8 or greater wind gusts affecting ∼3.5 × 106 km2, exposing ∼610 million residents...
Bias characteristics of cloud diurnal variation in the FGOALS-f3-L model
November 2025
Cloud diurnal variation is crucial for regulating cloud radiative effects and atmospheric dynamics. However, it is often overlooked in the evaluation and development of climate models. Thus, this study...
Historical and future climate changes impact global solar photovoltaic power potential: Role of key meteorological variables
November 2025
Renewable energy, especially solar power, is vital for mitigating global warming, while climate change also impacts solar photovoltaic potential (PVpot). This study analyzes historical (1985–2014) and...
A reversal of upper-air wind speed in the Northern Hemisphere
November 2025
Previous studies have indicated a global reversal of near-surface wind speeds from a declining trend to an increasing trend around 2010; however, it remains unclear whether upper-air wind speeds exhibit...
Interannual variability of short rains in Tanzania and the influences from ENSO and the Indian Ocean Dipole
November 2025
Tanzania is mainly subject to a bimodal rainfall pattern, characterized by two distinct seasons: the long rains, occurring from March to May, and the short rains, which typically take place from October...
Mechanistic study of a downhill merging and enhancement of convection in Beijing
November 2025
Numerical simulation of the merging of a thunderstorm cluster from the mountain area near Beijing and a thunderstorm over the adjacent plains on 23 August 2021, along with a diagnosis and analysis of...
A new approach for identifying dominant cloud types and relationships between cloud types and precipitation vertical structure in tropical regions
November 2025
Cloud type profoundly affects precipitation, but few studies have explored its impact on precipitation scale height. The authors calculated the ratio of the volume of each cloud type to the total cloud...
High-skill members in the subseasonal forecast ensemble of extreme cold events in East Asia
November 2025
Subseasonal forecasting of extreme events is crucial for early warning systems. However, the forecast skills for extreme events are limited. Taking the extreme cold events in January 2018 as a specific...
Attribution of regional Hadley circulation intensity changes in the Northern Hemisphere
November 2025
The discrepancy in the trends of the global zonal mean (GZM) intensity of the Hadley circulation (HCI) between reanalysis data and model simulations has been a problem for understanding the changes...
The evolving distribution of humidity conditional on temperature and implications for compound heat extremes across China in a warming world
November 2025
The likelihood of extreme heat occurrence is continuously increasing with global warming. Under high temperatures, humidity may exacerbate the heat impact on humanity. As atmospheric humidity depends...
Principal modes of summer NDVI in eastern Siberia and its climate prediction schemes
November 2025
Based on a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) dataset for 1982–2021, this work investigates the principal modes of interannual variability in summer NDVI over eastern Siberia using the year-to-year...
Interannual variability of the summer precipitation over the East China Sea
Available online 27 October 2025
It is well-known that the East Asian subtropical rainy belt, stretching from the middle–lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin eastward to southern Japan, is modulated by the zonal shift of the western...
Unveiling remote and local drivers for the interdecadal shift of European hot days
Available online 24 October 2025
The accelerated warming in Europe leaves this region especially vulnerable to severe heatwaves. Previous investigations on heatwaves have focused predominantly on long-term trends, interannual variability,...
Symmetric inner and outer dynamics of Super Typhoon Lekima (2019) during its size expansion
Available online 23 October 2025
In this work, simulation data of Super typhoon Lekima (2019) produced by the Weather Research and Forecasting model are analyzed to study its symmetric inner and outer dynamics during its size expansion....
Thunderstorms without tropopause penetration in Central Africa produce cloud-top jet events
Available online 21 October 2025
Using multi-satellite observations, we examined 20 upward discharge events from thunderstorms (15 blue jets (BJs)/blue starters (BSs) and 5 gigantic jets (GJs)) observed by ISUAL (Imager of Sprites...
Classification and mechanisms for different types of marine heatwaves in the western Indian Ocean during the past three decades
Available online 17 October 2025
Marine heatwaves (MHWs) in the western Indian Ocean (WIO) have become more intense and frequent since the 1990s, but the underlying mechanisms driving different types of MHWs have not yet been investigated....
A novel stepwise regression method for predicting September Pan-Arctic sea-ice extent: comparison with long short-term memory neural networks
Available online 17 October 2025
Accurately forecasting the Pan-Arctic sea-ice extent (SIE) in September is crucial for understanding climate change impacts and ensuring safe Arctic navigation. This study introduces the SWR DY-method,...
Tibetan Plateau darkening exacerbates summer heatwaves through land–atmosphere feedbacks
Available online 17 October 2025
The Tibetan Plateau (TP) has experienced significant surface darkening under global warming, concurrent with an increase in TP heatwave occurrences in recent decades. Using reanalysis data, we examine...
Quantitative attribution analysis of dynamical and radiative processes to the 2010 record-breaking western Russian heatwave
Available online 16 October 2025
A record-breaking heatwave struck western Russia in summer 2010, accompanied by the warmest surface temperature anomalies during 1980–2022. Utilizing an updated climate feedback-response analysis method,...
Improved prediction skill of winter cold extremes in eastern China from autumntime phase reversal of Kuroshio Extension SST anomalies
Available online 16 October 2025
Accurately predicting wintertime cold extremes in China is vital for energy management and disaster preparedness. To the best of our knowledge, multiple tropical and mid–high latitude precursors have...
A rain effect elimination approach using FengYun-3E WindRAD dual-frequency measurements
Available online 13 October 2025
Satellite scatterometers play a vital role in providing sea surface wind observations and can help to understand air–sea interaction. The wind radar (WindRAD) mounted on FengYun-3E (FY-3E) with Ku and...
Improving hail nowcasting using multi-source data and a WMHDA-enhanced DIFF-Transformer
Available online 3 October 2025
HailPre is a deep learning framework developed for accurate 60-minute hail nowcasting at 10-minute intervals, tailored for regions with complex terrain and imbalanced hail event distributions. It integrates...
State of China’s climate in 2024
September 2025
The year 2024 witnessed remarkable climatic anomalies across China, characterized by pronounced warm and wet conditions. The annual mean temperature soared to a record high since 1951, with seasonal...
State of the climate over the Three Gorges Region of the Yangtze River basin in 2024
September 2025
The Three Gorges Region (TGR) of the Yangtze River basin exhibited warm and dry climatic characteristics in 2024. The annual mean temperature in the TGR was 18.6 °C, which was 1.2 °C above normal and...