Deciphering the shift in the dominant type of high-health-risk compound extremes in China
Available online 15 January 2026
Amid global warming, China, a climate-vulnerable region, faces escalating complexity and frequency of compound extreme events, posing risks to public health. Using ambulance dispatch data of 13 cities...
Evidence for a link between century-scale temperature variations in the Northern Hemisphere and long-term changes in volcanic activity
Available online 12 January 2026
Five Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstructions covering time intervals with duration of 1210–2015 years and three volcanic activity records covering time intervals with duration of 900–1100 years...
A dual-weighted loss function for lightning nowcasting
Available online 10 January 2026
Lightning associated with severe convective weather poses a significant threat to public safety and infrastructure. While traditional numerical weather prediction and statistical methods have limitations...
State-of-the-art vegetation models overestimate gross primary productivity responses to drought
Available online 9 January 2026
Climate change has a substantial impact on ecosystem gross primary productivity (GPP), but the specific roles of different climatic drivers across various vegetation types remain unclear. This study...
3D-OSR: Three-dimensional ocean salinity super-resolution reconstruction from remote sensing observations using dual-task learning
Available online 8 January 2026
Accurately reconstructing high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) ocean subsurface salinity (SS) is crucial for understanding mesoscale processes. However, it is hindered by the sparsity of in situ data...
Feedback of tropics–Arctic linkages to Northern Hemisphere warming might be modulated by ENSO diversity in the future
Available online 27 December 2025
The climate coupling between the tropics and the Arctic not only modulates Arctic amplification but may also induces substantial feedbacks to the Northern Hemisphere and even the global climate. Here,...
Transient simulation of the spatiotemporal evolution of tropical cyclone genesis potential during the Holocene
Available online 27 December 2025
Tropical cyclones (TCs) are among the most destructive weather systems, yet their long-term variability under different climate forcings remains poorly constrained due to limited observational records....
Distinct pantropical climate interactions modulate the decay pace of Central Pacific El Niño events
Available online 26 December 2025
The decay pace of Central Pacific (CP) El Niño events, a critical factor influencing global climate patterns and seasonal predictability, has remained poorly understood and difficult to forecast. This...
Synoptic regimes contributing to summer clustered extreme precipitation events in Northeast China
Available online 19 December 2025
Recently, the frequency and intensity of clustered extreme precipitation events (CEPEs) have increased markedly worldwide, causing considerable economic losses and human fatalities. In this study, four...
The dominant role of the Indian Ocean Dipole in shaping the barotropic structure of Indonesian throughflow outflow interannual variability: Insights from the 2006–2007 positive Indian Ocean Dipole events
Available online 5 December 2025
The Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) outflow channels are influenced by the combined effects of El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), making it difficult to quantify their individual...
Heatwaves induce blood pressure elevations in elderly hypertensive populations: Evidence from a panel study
Available online 4 December 2025
Climate change has intensified extreme heat events, increasing cardiovascular risk, especially among older individuals with hypertension, due to compromised thermoregulation and vascular function. This...
Wind stress variability at the meso–gamma scale: Comparative observations from two adjacent offshore towers
Available online 4 December 2025
The spatial variability of wind stress was investigated through eddy covariance measurements conducted at two offshore towers separated by 8.6 km. Observations showed that while wind speed spatial variability...
Influence of the stratosphere on surface air temperature in China during boreal winter
Available online 4 December 2025
This study investigates the influence of the Northern Hemisphere stratosphere on winter surface air temperature (SAT) in China, based on the JRA-55 reanalysis dataset and simulations using CAM6. The...
Impact of assimilating ground-based Doppler wind lidar data on forecasts of a heavy rainfall event in Shanghai after the passage of severe tropical storm Co-may (2025)
Available online 1 December 2025
Due to high measurement accuracy in detecting boundary layer winds and good portability, ground-based Doppler wind lidar (DWL) stations are increasingly deployed in China to support the development...
Ultra-short-term global horizontal irradiance forecasting in China based on satellite and numerical weather prediction models
Available online 1 December 2025
To address deficiencies in cloud initialization for numerical weather prediction, this study integrates Fengyun-4B (FY-4B) geostationary satellite products with the Rapid-refresh Multi-scale Analysis...
Synoptic background conditions and moisture transport for producing the extreme heavy rainfall event in Valencia in 2024
November 2025
From 26 October to 2 November 2024, Spain experienced a record-breaking rainfall event, with the most intense episode appearing in Valencia Province. During the event, Turis station recorded a historic...
The extreme windstorm of April 2025 in northern and central-eastern China: Historical ranking and synoptic origins
November 2025
In mid-April 2025, northern and central-eastern China experienced a catastrophic compound disaster marked by Beaufort 8 or greater wind gusts affecting ∼3.5 × 106 km2, exposing ∼610 million residents...
Bias characteristics of cloud diurnal variation in the FGOALS-f3-L model
November 2025
Cloud diurnal variation is crucial for regulating cloud radiative effects and atmospheric dynamics. However, it is often overlooked in the evaluation and development of climate models. Thus, this study...
Historical and future climate changes impact global solar photovoltaic power potential: Role of key meteorological variables
November 2025
Renewable energy, especially solar power, is vital for mitigating global warming, while climate change also impacts solar photovoltaic potential (PVpot). This study analyzes historical (1985–2014) and...
A reversal of upper-air wind speed in the Northern Hemisphere
November 2025
Previous studies have indicated a global reversal of near-surface wind speeds from a declining trend to an increasing trend around 2010; however, it remains unclear whether upper-air wind speeds exhibit...
Interannual variability of short rains in Tanzania and the influences from ENSO and the Indian Ocean Dipole
November 2025
Tanzania is mainly subject to a bimodal rainfall pattern, characterized by two distinct seasons: the long rains, occurring from March to May, and the short rains, which typically take place from October...
Mechanistic study of a downhill merging and enhancement of convection in Beijing
November 2025
Numerical simulation of the merging of a thunderstorm cluster from the mountain area near Beijing and a thunderstorm over the adjacent plains on 23 August 2021, along with a diagnosis and analysis of...
A new approach for identifying dominant cloud types and relationships between cloud types and precipitation vertical structure in tropical regions
November 2025
Cloud type profoundly affects precipitation, but few studies have explored its impact on precipitation scale height. The authors calculated the ratio of the volume of each cloud type to the total cloud...
High-skill members in the subseasonal forecast ensemble of extreme cold events in East Asia
November 2025
Subseasonal forecasting of extreme events is crucial for early warning systems. However, the forecast skills for extreme events are limited. Taking the extreme cold events in January 2018 as a specific...
The evolving distribution of humidity conditional on temperature and implications for compound heat extremes across China in a warming world
November 2025
The likelihood of extreme heat occurrence is continuously increasing with global warming. Under high temperatures, humidity may exacerbate the heat impact on humanity. As atmospheric humidity depends...