Similarities and differences between biliary sludge and microlithiasis: Their clinical and pathophysiological significances
December 2018
The terms biliary sludge and cholesterol microlithiasis (hereafter referred to as microlithiasis) were originated from different diagnostic techniques and may represent different stages of cholesterol...
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Vitamins and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A molecular insight
June 2021
The incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rising rapidly across the globe. NAFLD pathogenesis is largely driven by an imbalance in hepatic energy metabolism, and at present, there...
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Alcoholic liver disease: A current molecular and clinical perspective
December 2018
Heavy alcohol use is the cause of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). The ALD spectrum ranges from alcoholic steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. In Western countries, approximately 50%...
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Up to date on cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) in bile acid synthesis
June 2020
Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1, EC1.14) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the classic bile acid synthesis pathway. Much progress has been made in understanding the transcriptional regulation...
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Iron metabolism in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A promising therapeutic target
December 2022
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, and is closely associated with the increased risk of the prevalence of obesity and diabetes....
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Clinical perspectives of isoniazid-induced liver injury
June 2021
Isoniazid (INH) is a synthetic anti-mycobacterial agent used to treat active or latent tuberculosis (TB). INH has been in clinical use for nearly 70 years and remains broadly utilized at the front line...
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Bile acid receptors and signaling crosstalk in the liver, gut and brain
September 2021
Bile acids are physiological detergents derived from cholesterol that aid in digestion and nutrient absorption, and they play roles in glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism and in gut microbiome and...
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The role of adipose tissue in fatty liver diseases
March 2018
Fatty liver disease is almost always a consequence of obesity or alcohol abuse. In both cases significant changes to adipose tissue (AT) occur, which are remarkably similar despite their different causes....
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Current and emerging therapies for alcohol-associated hepatitis
March 2023
Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) encompasses a spectrum of diseases caused by excessive alcohol consumption. ALD includes hepatic steatosis, steatohepatitis, variable degrees of fibrosis, cirrhosis,...
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Dysregulation of glutathione synthesis in liver disease
June 2020
Glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide that is present in all mammalian tissues, is especially highly concentrated in the liver. GSH synthesis occurs via two adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-requiring enzymatic...
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Molecular mechanisms of autophagy and implications in liver diseases
March 2023
Autophagy is a highly conserved process in which cytosolic contents are degraded by the lysosome, which plays an important role in energy and nutrient balance, and protein or organelle quality control....
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Hemobilia: Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment
December 2018
Hemobilia refers to bleeding from and/or into the biliary tract and is an uncommon but important cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Reports of hemobilia date back to the 1600s, but due to its relative...
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Expert consensus on liver transplantation perioperative evaluation and rehabilitation for acute-on-chronic liver failure
September 2022
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) can be cured by liver transplantation; however, perioperative complications still affect posttransplant outcomes. In recent years, early rehabilitation for critical...
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The acidic pathway of bile acid synthesis: Not just an alternative pathway
June 2019
Over the last two decades, the prevalence of obesity, and metabolic syndromes (MS) such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have dramatically increased....
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Hepatic lipid homeostasis by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2
December 2018
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ or PPARG) is a ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. It plays a master role in the differentiation...
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Bile acid metabolism and signaling in liver disease and therapy
June 2017
Bile acids play a critical role in the regulation of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism through activation of the nuclear bile acid receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and membrane G protein-coupled...
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Structural perspectives of the CYP3A family and their small molecule modulators in drug metabolism
December 2019
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes function to catalyze a wide range of reactions, many of which are critically important for drug response. Members of the human cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) family are particularly...
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Telehealth interventions for alcohol use disorder: A systematic review
September 2022
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a worldwide problem for individuals of varying ages and backgrounds and is associated with the underlying cause of alcoholic liver disease, liver cirrhosis, liver cancer,...
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Portopulmonary hypertension: Current developments and future perspectives
March 2022
Portopulmonary hypertension (POPH) is a severe pulmonary vascular disease secondary to portal hypertension and a subset of Group 1 pulmonary hypertension (PH). The pathological changes of POPH are indistinguishable...
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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease development: A multifactorial pathogenic phenomena
June 2022
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by the accumulation of excessive intrahepatic fat, is a leading metabolic disorder also considered as the hepatic manifestation of metabolic...
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Glypican-3: A molecular marker for the detection and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
December 2020
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor with a fairly poor prognosis (5-year survival of less than 50%). Using sorafenib, the only food and drug administration (FDA)-approved drug, HCC cannot...
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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: An update on their metabolism and hepatotoxicity mechanism
December 2019
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are among the most hepatotoxic natural compounds that are widely distributed throughout the world. Most PAs are metabolically activated to trigger toxicity. Exposure to...
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress and liver diseases
March 2019
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs when ER homeostasis is perturbed with accumulation of unfolded/misfolded protein or calcium depletion. The unfolded protein response (UPR), comprising of inositol-requiring...
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New insights in the pathogenesis of alcohol-related liver disease: The metabolic, immunologic, and neurologic pathways☆
March 2023
Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) became an important health issue worldwide. Following chronic alcohol consumption, the development of ALD might be caused by metabolic and immunologic factors, such...
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Wu Mengchao: A blade warrior against liver cancer
September 2022
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